| 词条 | Naval Air Station Patuxent River |
| 释义 |
| name = Naval Air Station Patuxent River | location = Located near: Lexington Park, Maryland | image = P 8 and P 3 over Pax River.jpg | image_size = 280px | caption = A P-3 Orion and P-8 Poseidon flying over NAS Patuxent River in 2010 | image2 = NAB Patuxent River Patch.jpg | image2_size = 200px | caption2 = Logo of NAS Patuxent River | type = Naval Air Station | ownership = {{flag|United States Navy|size=23px}} | controlledby = Naval District Washington | built = 1942-1943 | used = April 1, 1943-Present | condition = Active | current_commander = CAPT Jason Hammond, USN | garrison = Naval Air Systems Command U.S. Naval Test Pilot School | website = [https://cnic.navy.mil/regions/ndw/installations/nas_patuxent_river.html www.cnic.navy.mil/nas_patuxent_river] }}{{Infobox airport |name=Trapnell Field |IATA = NHK |ICAO = KNHK |FAA = NHK |type = Military |location = Patuxent River, Maryland |elevation-f = 39 |elevation-m = 12 |coordinates = {{coord|38|17|10|N|76|24|42|W|type:landmark_region:US-MD_dim:10000|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map= Maryland | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Naval Air Station Patuxent River | pushpin_mapsize=315 | pushpin_label=KNHK | pushpin_label_position = right | pushpin_mark=Airplane_silhouette.svg |r1-number = 6/24 |r1-length-f = 11,807 |r1-length-m = 3,599 |r1-surface = Asphalt |r2-number = 14/32 |r2-length-f = 9,742 |r2-length-m = 2,969 |r2-surface = Concrete |r3-number = 2/20 |r3-length-f = 5,021 |r3-length-m = 1,530 |r3-surface = Asphalt }} Naval Air Station Patuxent River {{airport codes|NHK|KNHK|NHK}}, also known as NAS Pax River, is a United States naval air station located in St. Mary's County, Maryland, on the Chesapeake Bay near the mouth of the Patuxent River. It is home to Headquarters, Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR), the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School, the Atlantic Test Range, and serves as a center for test and evaluation and systems acquisition relating to naval aviation. Commissioned on April 1, 1943, on land largely acquired through eminent domain, the air station grew rapidly in response to World War II and continued to evolve through the Cold War to the present. HistoryGenesis: 1937Situated on a peninsula between the Potomac River and the Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the Patuxent River, NAS Patuxent River is located on {{convert|6400|acre|km2|0}} of what was once prime farmland, consisting of several large plantations, Mattapony, Susquehanna, and Cedar Point, as well as numerous tenant and sharecropper properties and a few clusters of vacation homes. The Cedar Point community included several churches, a post office, and a gas station. Some of the old homes now serve as quarters for Navy personnel stationed there.[1] In 1937, the Navy's Bureau of Aeronautics sought to consolidate aviation test programs, previously being conducted at several stations, including Dahlgren and Norfolk, the Washington Navy Yard, Naval Air Station Anacostia in Washington, D.C., and the Naval Aircraft Factory in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Cedar Point was selected due to its remote location on the coastline, well removed from air traffic congestion, with ample space for weapons testing.[1] 1940s: Wartime urgencyFast Track Chartering of Base and Start of ConstructionThe onset of American involvement in World War II spurred establishment of the new air station. Hardships for Original Civilian ResidentsThe original civilian residents had about a month, until 1 March 1942, to relocate as the federal government purchased all the land at a cost of $712,287 for {{convert|6412|acre|km2|0}},[1] which in 2013 dollars would be the equivalent of being paid $1,261 per acre. Many residents were forced to sell land that had been in their families for generations. Some families had roots in the area going back 300 years. These included traditional farming, crabbing and fishing families and there were protests. National wartime urgency was however felt in Washington at the time to take precedence, and the process of eminent domain went through. Rehabilitation of rail lineA lack of transportation in Saint Mary's County led the Navy to acquire and revitalize a branchline called the Washington, Brandywine and Point Lookout Railroad (aka "The Farmers' Railroad") from Brandywine to Mechanicsville, Maryland, in June 1942 and build an extension south from Mechanicsville to the air station. Known as the U.S. Government Railroad, the rail line was steam-powered and operated south of Brandywine for exclusive official use until 1954, when the Pennsylvania Railroad assumed operation of the line. Rail service ended in 1965, and the line was subsequently scrapped, although the right-of-way is still very visible. Extension of highwayA highway extension to the new air station was required by the project—250,000 tons of material were transported by either truck or water routes during a year of construction.[1] Construction boom townEmploying some 7,000 at its peak of construction, the area had a Gold Rush "boom town" feel as local residents were joined by workers from all over the country, eager to get on the high-paying jobs on station.[1] FoundationOn 20 October 1942, U.S. Marines first arrived and took over security. Today, the station utilizes Navy Masters-At-Arms (MA) and Navy Civilian Police Department of Defense Police for standard local law enforcement and the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) for high-profile criminal investigations. During construction, housing needs far outstripped supply, and barracks were built for workers on the station. Later, several housing areas were erected off station for workers and their families in Lexington Park, formerly Jarboesville, named in honor of the USS Lexington, the Navy's second aircraft carrier, lost during the Battle of the Coral Sea on 8 May 1942.[1] The town's expansion had begun. The station was formally commissioned "U.S. Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland" on 1 April 1943. In a ceremony presided over by RADM John S. McCain, Sr., then chief of the Bureau of Aeronautics, Patuxent River was referred to as "the most needed station in the Navy."[2] The unofficial name had been Cedar Point or the Naval Air Station at Cedar Point, but officials were concerned about possible confusion with the Marine Corps Air Station Cherry Point, North Carolina, so the new facility was named for the adjacent river. In 1945 the Test Pilot School was established with the Navy's Flight Test Group transferred from Naval Air Station Anacostia, Washington, DC to NAS Patuxent River.[1] 1950s: Flight test centre and Test Pilot School Facilities LaunchedThe base became a centre for testing as several facilities were constructed throughout the 1950s and 1960s; including the facilities for United States Naval Test Pilot School (1958), the Weapons Systems Test Division (1960), and the Propulsion System Evaluation Facility. The base also served as the testing facility for the V-22 Osprey. In addition to its role in testing naval aircraft, during the 1950s to 1970s Patuxent River served as an operational base for a Transport Squadron - VR-1, a TACAMO squadron - VQ-4, Airborne Training Unit Atlantic - AEWTULANT, and VW-11, VW-13 AN VW-15 and a number of Patrol Squadrons including VP-8, VP-44, VP-49, VP-24, VP-30 and VP-68. 1965: Addition of Reconnaissance SquadronsBy 1965, reconnaissance Squadron VQ-4, based at NAS Patuxent River, began using Lockheed C-130s equipped with special communications equipment to perform their around-the-clock Take Charge and Move Out (TACAMO) mission. VQ-4 provided long-range, very-low-frequency communications relay between the National Command Center and the ballistic missile submarine fleet. Two A-7A Corsair II aircraft made the transatlantic crossing from NAS Patuxent River to Évreux, France, in 1967, racking up 3,327 nautical miles in just over seven hours, an unofficial long distance, non-refueled flight by light attack jet aircraft. Cooperation with the British also led to transatlantic visits to PAX River by RAF squadrons. 1970s: Ongoing Development of Major Naval AircraftResearch and development at NAS Patuxent River forged ahead in the 1970s. The Grumman F-14 Tomcat, the McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II jump jet, and the Lockheed P-3 Orion were just a few of the major aircraft programs undergoing the rigorous test and evaluation process at NAS Patuxent River. Helicopter programs also achieved major milestones during the 1970s. The Naval Air Test Center (NATC) at NAS Patuxent River took part in helicopter development and testing for new roles, such as minesweeping. The final flight of the service acceptance trials for the Bell AH-1 SuperCobra gunship were made at NATC Patuxent River. Renaming of the airfieldOn 1 April 1976, Patuxent River's airfield was named after pioneering aviator VADM Frederick M. Trapnell, a former commander of the Naval Air Test Center at the station. Keynote address speaker, ADM Frederick H. Michaelis, Chief of Naval Material, noted: "All who fly in Navy blue remain indebted to Vice Admiral Trapnell. This field will serve as a living reminder of that debt."[3] 1990s: End of Cold War, base consolidations favor PAX River NASGrowthSince the end of the Cold War, the Pentagon's Base Realignment and Closure measures have migrated research and testing facilities for both rotary and fixed-wing aircraft to NAS Patuxent River from decommissioned bases. The complex now hosts over 17,000 people, including active-duty service members, civil-service employees, defense contractor employees, and military dependents.{{citation needed |date=April 2014}} Film LocationThe base was also used as a filming location for the Harrison Ford film Random Hearts (1999). Ford and director Sydney Pollack both visited Naval Air Station Patuxent River. Ford, a certified pilot, flew the aircraft himself. 2000's: Forefront of Research, development, and testingIn January, 1992, the PAX River Station acquired the Aircraft Division of the Naval Air Warfare Center (NAWCAD). Naval Test Wing Atlantic (NTWL) was already located there. NAWCAD was a branch of the Naval Air Warfare Center, created in 1991, and located in Washington, DC. Its mission was the development and improvement of weapons. The partnership of these two units led to a flourishing of aircraft research and development at Patuxent. A number of new laboratory facilities on the forefront of research were created:[4] a Manned Flight Simulator, the Aircraft Anechoic Test Facility, the Air Combat Environment Test and Evaluation Facility, the Aircraft Test and Evaluation Facility, the Captain Steven A. Hazelrigg Flight Test Facility. The physical plant was expanded by new construction: the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School academic building, an Aviation Survival Training Center pool facility and a new Air Traffic Control Tower. The base has not been slow in social advancement, either. In 2013, a new, large-size Child Development Center (CDC) was completed. On 18 September 2014, Captain Heidi Flemming became the first female commanding officer of NAS Patuxent River.[5] For the future, the researchers are looking in the direction of unmanned flight. Tenant Commands
. Patuxent River Naval Air MuseumThe Patuxent River Naval Air Museum adjoins the base and can be accessed by the general public without coming onto the main base.
See: U.S. Navy Museum and Other Navy Museums See alsoArea InformationTownThe base is located adjacent to Lexington Park, Maryland Local off base government and servicesThe town is unincorporated and is under the Saint Mary's County government which also provides all municipal services. Area Civilian transportationLimited local buses are provided through St. Mary's Transit [https://web.archive.org/web/20100528195926/http://www.co.saint-marys.md.us/dpw/dpwtemplate.asp?content=stsstartcontent.asp], and commuter bus service to Washington, D.C. is provided by MTA . The nearest commercial airports are Reagan National Airport in Washington D.C. and Baltimore Washington International Airport (BWI) in suburban Baltimore. St. Mary's County is also served by a civilian general aviation airport called Captain Walter Duke Regional Airport near Leonardtown, Maryland Higher Education
It is also ranked 5th in the nation under the category "Public Colleges".[8][8] St. Marys College also has extensive "open to the public" evening and weekend educational enrichment programs, including public lectures, seminars, films and special events. It also hosts a summer writing workshop
Local Recreation and Tourism
Sources
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Naval Air Systems Command Headquarters, Strategic Planning Division, "The History of Naval Air Station Patuxent River, Maryland," undated, but circa 2000. 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/facility/patuxent-river.htm |title=Patuxent River |accessdate=2009-05-02}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dcmilitary.com/stories/040209/tester_28201.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806010751/http://www.dcmilitary.com/stories/040209/tester_28201.shtml |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2009-08-06 |title=In the center of change: Frederick M. Trapnell |accessdate=2009-05-02 }} 4. ^{{cite web | title=History of the Naval Air Station | url=https://www.cnic.navy.mil/regions/ndw/installations/nas_patuxent_river/about/history.html | website=Naval Air Station Patuxent River | publisher=Commander, Navy Installation Command (CNIC) | accessdate=15 August 2017}} 5. ^http://www.thebaynet.com/articles/0914/pax-river-command-changes-to-first-woman-co.html 6. ^"National Liberal Arts :Colleges Summary: St. Mary's College of Maryland" U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges and Universities Ranking, 2014 http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-liberal-arts-colleges/veterans 7. ^"National Liberal Arts Colleges Summary: St. Mary's College of Maryland" U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges and Universities Ranking, 2014 http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-liberal-arts-colleges/veterans 8. ^1 "National Liberal Arts Colleges Summary: St. Mary's College of Maryland" U.S. News & World Report Best Colleges and Universities Ranking, 2014 http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/st-mary-s-college-of-maryland-163912/overall-rankings External links{{Commons category|Naval Air Station Patuxent River}}Military
9 : United States Naval Air Stations|Aviation in Maryland|History of aviation|Transportation buildings and structures in St. Mary's County, Maryland|Chesapeake Bay|Superfund sites in Maryland|Military Superfund sites|Populated coastal places in Maryland|1943 establishments in Maryland |
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