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词条 Naval militia
释义

  1. History

  2. States with naval militias

     Active  Authorized by statute but inactive 

  3. Gallery

  4. Fleet

  5. See also

  6. References

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| image1 = Your country is at war LCCN2001700447.jpg |width1=827|height1=1024
| image2 = Commander David Tucker, NYNM.jpg |width2=3357|height2=2848
| image3 = New_York_National_Guard_prepares_for_flooding_141123-F-ZP861-628.jpg |width3=4288|height3=2848
| image4 = Ensign S.S. Pierce, New York Naval Militia.jpg|width4=707|height4=1024
| footer = Top left: A recruiting poster for the Naval Militia in 1917. Top right: Commander David Tucker, NYNM, instructing subordinates. Bottom left: Members of the New York Naval Militia fill sandbags to aid in the preparations for possible flooding. Bottom right: Ensign S.S. Pierce of the New York Naval Militia stands next to an airplane in the early 20th century.
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A naval militia in the United States is a reserve military organization administered under the authority of a state government. It is often composed of Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard reservists, retirees and volunteers. They are distinguishable from the U.S. Coast Guard Auxiliary which is a federally chartered civilian volunteer component of the U.S. Coast Guard and falls under the command of the Commandant of the Coast Guard through the Chief Director of the Auxiliary, and the United States Maritime Service and United States Merchant Marine, both of which are federal maritime services.

Under Title 10 of the United States Code, naval militias are treated differently from maritime state defense force units not primarily composed of reservists from the sea services. Naval militias are considered parts of the organized militia under federal law and thus members have a slightly different status.[1] Naval militias, though they are state armed forces, may receive federal supplies and use Navy or Marine Corps facilities available to Naval Reserve or Marine Corps Reserve units subject to certain restrictions.[2]

Like members of the National Guard, the Navy and Marine Reservists who constitute most of the membership in naval militias serve in a dual federal and state capacity; they operate as a component of their state's military force, and are subject to be called up and deployed by the governor of their respective states during emergencies. However, when individual sailors and marines are federalized, they are relieved from their state obligations and placed under federal control until they are released from active service.[3]

Seamen and state marines belonging to naval militias who do not hold federal status may be enlisted or commissioned into the federal sea services at the rank they are qualified for, at the discretion of the Secretary of the Navy.[4]

History

In the 1880s, a United States Navy proposal to organize a national Naval Reserve Force was submitted to the United States Congress, but the proposal was defeated.[5] However, the movement to create a naval reserve force became popular at the state and local level. Following the passage of enabling legislation in several states, several of these states began establishing naval reserve forces. The first naval militia which was first organized and drilling was the Massachusetts Battalion, which first met on 28 February 1890.[6] The New York Naval Militia was organized as a Provisional Naval Battalion in 1889, and formally became the second state naval militia when it was officially mustered into state service as the First Battalion, Naval Reserve Artillery, on 23 June 1891.[5] Over the next few years, several other states, mainly in the eastern United States and in the Great Lakes region, created their own naval militias.[6]

The United States Navy began loaning older veteran ships from the American Civil War, such as {{USS|Minnesota|1855|6}} and {{USS|Wabash|1855|6}}, to state naval militias for use as armories and headquarters. On 2 March 1891, the United States Congress passed an appropriations bill which gave the Secretary of the Navy $25,000 per year to spend on the state naval militias; this money was divided among the states based on the strength levels of the naval militias.[6]

The naval militias were called into service during the Spanish–American War. Since no law existed to call them into federal service as a unit, governors were asked to release volunteers from their state service, and these naval militiamen were inducted into the Navy for the duration of their service during the war.[6] New York Naval Militiamen manned two auxiliary cruisers that fought in the Battle of Santiago de Cuba, and conducted patrols of New York Harbor.[5] Members of the North Carolina Naval Militia crewed {{USS|Nantucket|1862|6}} and guarded the city of Port Royal, South Carolina.[7] South Carolina Naval Militia sailors also assisted in the defense of Port Royal, and served aboard multiple ships, including {{USS|Celtic|AF-2|6}}, {{USS|Chickasaw|1882|6}}, {{USS|Cheyenne|1898|6}}, and {{USS|Waban|1880|6}}.[8] Members of the Connecticut Naval Militia served aboard USS Minnesota.[9] Sailors from both the Rhode Island Naval Militia[10] and the Florida Naval Militia[11] were also assimilated into the ranks of the Navy.

In 1914, Congress passed a bill recognizing the naval militia as a reserve component of the United States Armed Forces and reorganized them into the National Naval Volunteers.[12] During World War I, naval militiamen were drafted into federal service. Many naval reservists, including a significant number of sailors from the Michigan Naval Militia, served in Naval Railway Battery crews on the Western Front.[13] The primary federal responsibility of members of the naval militias was cemented by the Naval Reserve Act of 1938.[14] In 1940, the naval militias were once again federalized to fight in World War II.[15] Following the war, many states either did not rebuild their naval militias, or deactivated them in the years that followed.

However, several naval militias were activated or reactivated in the late 20th century and early 21st century. In 1977, the Ohio Naval Militia was reactivated.[16] In 1984, the Alaska Naval Militia was activated.[17] In 1999, the New Jersey Naval Militia was reactivated after over thirty years of existing only on paper.[18] In 2003, the South Carolina General Assembly reactivated the South Carolina Naval Militia.[19] The New York Naval Militia is the only naval militia which has been continuously active since its creation, thereby making it the oldest naval militia.[5]

Naval militias have been deployed multiple times in recent years to assist in national security or disaster recovery operations. In 1989, the Alaska Naval Militia was deployed to assist in recovery operations after the Exxon Valdez oil spill.[20] On September 11, 2001, the New Jersey Naval Militia and New York Naval Militia were deployed in the immediate aftermath of the September 11 attacks to aid in emergency response efforts.[20] The New York Naval Militia provided assistance after Hurricane Irene and Tropical Storm Lee in 2011; after Hurricane Sandy in 2012; and during the Buffalo lake effect snowstorm in 2014.[21]

States with naval militias

Active

  • Alaska Naval Militia[22]
  • California State Military Reserve Maritime Support Command[23]
  • New York Naval Militia[24]
  • Ohio Naval Militia[25]
  • South Carolina Naval Militia[26]
  • Texas Maritime Regiment[27]

Authorized by statute but inactive

  • Alabama[28]
  • California[29]
    • The California Naval Militia was reactivated in 1976 by the Governor of California. Unlike New York and the few other states with ship-borne active naval militia units, the California Naval Militia is a small unit of military lawyers and strategists who provide advice and legal expertise in the field of military and naval matters for the benefit of California's state defense force.
  • Connecticut Naval Militia[30]
  • Florida Naval Militia[31]
  • Georgia Naval Militia[32]
  • Hawaii Naval Militia[33]
  • Illinois Naval Militia[34]
  • Indiana Naval Militia[35]
  • Louisiana Naval Militia
  • Maine [36]
  • Maryland Naval Militia{{Citation needed|date=December 2010}}
    • Maryland Public Safety Statute, Title 13 does not currently authorize the creation of a Naval Militia, (2015)
  • Massachusetts Naval Militia[37]
  • Michigan Naval Militia[38]
  • Minnesota Naval Militia[39]
  • Missouri Naval Militia[40]
  • New Hampshire[41]
  • New Jersey Naval Militia[42]
  • North Carolina Naval Militia[43]
  • Oregon Naval Militia
  • Pennsylvania Naval Militia[44]
  • Rhode Island Naval Militia[45]
  • Tennessee[46]
  • Virginia[47]
  • Washington Naval Militia
  • Wisconsin Naval Militia[48]

Gallery

Fleet

  • PB440 Class Patrol Boat - 44' Moose Boats M1-44 Catamaran
  • PB400 Class Patrol Boat - 44' MetalCraft Marine Kingston 40 SAR
  • PB300 Class Patrol Boat - 34' Nigel Gee Patrol Catamaran
  • PB280 Class Patrol Boat- 34' ALMAR Sounder
  • PB220 Class Patrol Boat - 26' MetalCraft Marine KingFisher 22 Hardtop
  • PB230 Class Patrol Boat - 25' Aluminum Chambered Boats DV-R

See also

  • Civil Air Patrol
  • State Defense Forces
  • United States Naval Sea Cadet Corps
  • United States Power Squadrons

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/246 |title=10 U.S. Code § 246 - Militia: composition and classes |publisher=Legal Information Institute |accessdate=19 February 2019 }}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www4.law.cornell.edu/uscode/search/display.html?terms=naval%20militia&url=/uscode/html/uscode10/usc_sec_10_00007854----000-.html |title=US CODE: Title 10,7854. Availability of material for Naval Militia |publisher=www4.law.cornell.edu |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/7853 |title=10 U.S. Code § 7853 - Release from Militia duty upon order to active duty in reserve components|publisher=www4.law.cornell.edu |accessdate=19 July 2015 }}
4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/10/7852- |title=US CODE: Title 10,7852. Appointment and enlistment in reserve components |publisher=www4.law.cornell.edu |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://dmna.ny.gov/nynm/?id=history |title=New York Naval Militia History |publisher=The New York Naval Militia Official Website |accessdate=13 August 2015}}
6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://californiamilitaryhistory.org/NavMilitia.html |title=Toward a Citizen Sailor: The History of the Naval Militia Movement, 1888–1898 |last1=Hart |first1=Kevin R. |publisher=The California Military Museum Official Website |access-date=12 August 2015}}
7. ^{{cite web |url=http://hamptonroadsnavalmuseum.blogspot.com/2012/09/north-carolina-naval-militia-uniform.html |title=North Carolina Naval Militia Uniform, 1893 |last1=Calhoun |first1=Gordon |date=13 September 2012 |publisher=Hampton Roads Naval Museum |access-date=13 August 2015}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.spanamwar.com/scnavalmilitia.html |title=A Brief History of the South Carolina Naval Militia |last1=Pinckney |first1=P. H. |last2=Robison II |first2=Kenneth H. |publisher=The Spanish American War Centennial Website |accessdate=13 August 2015}}
9. ^{{cite web |url=http://spanamwar.com/Connecticutnavalmiltia.html |title=The Connecticut Volunteer Naval Militia |last1=McSherry |first1=Patrick |publisher=Spanamwar.com }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://sos.ri.gov/archon/?p=collections/controlcard&id=984 |title=Spanish American War – RI Naval Militia in United States Service |publisher=Rhode Island Secretary of State Official Website |access-date=13 August 2015}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/barm/rediscovery/default.asp?IDCFile=/fsa/DETAILSS.IDC,SPECIFIC=626,DATABASE=SERIES, |title=Florida Naval Militia |publisher=State Archives of Florida Online Catalog |accessdate=30 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001453/http://dlis.dos.state.fl.us/barm/rediscovery/default.asp?IDCFile=%2Ffsa%2FDETAILSS.IDC%2CSPECIFIC%3D626%2CDATABASE%3DSERIES%2C |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df= }}
12. ^{{cite encyclopedia |title=Naval Militia |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O126-NavalMilitia.html|encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to American Military History |year=2000 |access-date=13 August 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://navyreservecentennial.com/naval-railway-battalions-first-world-war/ |title=Naval Railway Battalions During the First World War |last1=Leuci |first1=James L. |publisher=Navy Reserve Centennial |access-date=13 August 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/topn/naval_reserve_act_of_1938 |title=Naval Reserve Act of 1938 |publisher=Legal Information Institute |access-date=13 August 2015}}
15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.naval-militia-assoc.org/naval-militia-history.html |title=History of the Naval Militia |publisher=Naval Militia Association |access-date=13 August 2015}}
16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navalmilitia.ohio.gov/history.stm |title=History |publisher=Ohio Naval Militia |year=2013 |accessdate=13 August 2015}}
17. ^{{cite web |url=https://portal.mmowgli.nps.edu/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=0fa5919e-e68a-4c86-b13e-aabc76b91f27&groupId=10156 |title=The Naval Militia: A Neglected Asset? |last1=Nofi |first1=Albert A. |date=July 2007 |website=mmowgli |publisher=Center for Naval Analyses |accessdate=23 December 2013}}
18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.state.nj.us/military/publications/naval/tag.html |title=The Adjutant General Report to Legislature on the NJ Naval Militia Joint Command |last1=Rieth |first1=Glenn |date=5 April 2005 |accessdate=13 March 2014}}
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/t54c017.php |title=South Carolina Maritime Security Act |publisher=South Carolina Legislature |accessdate=13 August 2015}}
20. ^1 {{cite journal |url=http://strategicstudiesinstitute.army.mil/pubs/parameters/articles/03winter/tulak.pdf |title=State Defense Forces and Homeland Security |last1=Tulak |first1=Arthur N. |last2=Kraft |first2=Robert W. |last3=Silbaugh |first3=Don |work=Parameters |date=Winter 2003 |publisher=Strategic Studies Institute |accessdate=13 August 2015}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://inhomelandsecurity.com/naval-militia-an-overlooked-domestic-emergency-response-option/ |title=Naval Militia: An Overlooked Domestic Emergency Response Option |last1=McNeil |first1=Deano L. |date=30 April 2015 |publisher=In Homeland Security |access-date=13 August 2015}}
22. ^{{cite web |url=http://codes.lp.findlaw.com/akstatutes/26/26.05./26.05.010. |title=Alaska Stat. § 26.05.010. : Alaska Statutes - Section 26.05.010.: Alaska militia established. |publisher=codes.lp.findlaw.com |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://sgaus.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/SGAUS_newsletter_Spring_2017_5-12-1711.pdf#page=12 |title=California State Military Reserve Establishes Maritime Component |last=Powers |first=K.J. |date=May 2017 |website= |publisher=State Guard Association of the United States |access-date=13 November 2017 |quote=}}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://dmna.ny.gov/nynm/ |title=New York Naval Militia|publisher=dmna.ny.gov |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://navalmilitia.ohio.gov/ |title=Ohio Naval Militia|publisher=navalmilitia.ohio.gov |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://sc-navalmilitia.org/ |title=South Carolina Naval Militia|publisher=sc-navalmilitia.org |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
27. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.txsg.state.tx.us/locations/units/units.aspx?regid=mar |title=Unit - Texas State Guard |publisher=www.txsg.state.tx.us |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://law.justia.com/codes/alabama/2016/title-31/chapter-2/section-31-2-4/|title=Alabama Code § 31-2-4: Composition of naval militia.|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=|publisher=Justia|accessdate=5 July 2014}}
29. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.militarymuseum.org/CNM.html |title=History of California State Naval Forces (Naval Battalion and the California Naval Militia) |publisher=www.militarymuseum.org |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/connecticut/codes/title27/sec27-5.html |title=Sec. 27-5. Naval militia. - Connecticut Sec. 27-5. Naval militia. - Connecticut Code :: Justia |publisher=law.justia.com |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
31. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.leg.state.fl.us/statutes/index.cfm?mode=View%20Statutes&SubMenu=1&App_mode=Display_Statute&Search_String=naval+militia&URL=0200-0299/0250/Sections/0250.04.html |title=250.04 Naval militia; marine corps. |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Official Internet Site of the Florida State Legislature |publisher= |accessdate=30 June 2014}}
32. ^{{cite journal |last=Wilbanks |first=James H. |date=Spring 1989 |title=Georgia's Naval Militia: Still Authorized, Still Ignored, and Still Disbanded |journal=Journal of the Historical Society of the Georgia National Guard |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=1–8 |location= |publisher= |accessdate=27 May 2013 |url=http://hsgng.org/legacy/pages/ganavy.htm }}
33. ^{{cite web | title=Hawaii Revised Statutes Chapter 123: Naval Militia | publisher=Hawaii State Legislature | url=http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/hrscurrent/Vol03_Ch0121-0200D/HRS0123/HRS_0123-.htm| accessdate=2010-12-08}}
34. ^Executive Order authorizing the Illinois Naval Militia
35. ^{{cite web |url=https://iga.in.gov/legislative/laws/2014/ic/titles/010/articles/016/chapters/014/ |title=Indiana Code Ch. 10 § 16-14-1 |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Indiana General Assembly Official Website |publisher= |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
36. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/37-B/title37-Bsec221.html |title=Maine Revised Statutes Title 37B § 221 |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Maine State Legislature Official Website |publisher= |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
37. ^{{cite web |url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/Constitution |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Massachusetts General Court Official Website |publisher= |access-date=13 August 2015 |quote=The governor of this commonwealth for the time being, shall be the commander in chief of the army and navy, and of all the military forces of the state, by sea and land, and shall have full power by himself, or by any commander, or other officer or officers, from time to time, to train, instruct, exercise and govern the militia and navy...}}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(xxg4w555j0c5g055yfgqo345))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-33-1 |title=33.1 Naval militia; enrollment classifications. |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Michigan Legislative Website |publisher= |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
39. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.revisor.leg.state.mn.us/constitution/ |title=Sec. 3. Powers and duties of governor. |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website= |publisher=The Office of the Revisor of Statutes. |access-date=4 September 2015 |quote= He is commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces and may call them out to execute the laws, suppress insurrection and repel invasion.}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://revisor.mo.gov/main/OneSection.aspx?section=41.070&bid=1213&hl=|title=Chapter 41: Military Forces, Section 41.070|last1=|first1=|last2=|first2=|date=|website=Missouri General Assembly Official Website|publisher=|accessdate=5 July 2014}}
41. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/viii/110-b/110-b-1.htm |title=New Hampshire Revised Statutes § 110-B:1 Composition of the Militia |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=The New Hampshire General Court Official Website |publisher= |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nj.gov/military/naval/ |title=New Jersey Naval Militia |publisher=www.nj.gov |accessdate=2009-10-20 }}
43. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_127A/GS_127A-4.html |title=North Carolina General Statutes 127A-4|accessdate=2011-10-22 }}
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://law.justia.com/codes/pennsylvania/2016/title-51/chapter-3/section-301/ |title=51 PA Cons Stat § 301 (2016) |author= |date=2016 |website= |publisher=Justia |access-date=2 February 2018 |quote=}}
45. ^{{cite web |url=http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/TITLE30/30-1/30-1-4.HTM |title=Chapter 30 § 30-1-4: Classes of militia |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=State of Rhode Island General Assembly Official Website |publisher= |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
46. ^{{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/codes/tennessee/2010/title-58/chapter-1/part-1/58-1-104/ |title=Tennessee Code. § 58-1-104(c) |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=law.justia.com/ |publisher= |accessdate=5 July 2014}}
47. ^{{cite web |url=http://law.justia.com/codes/virginia/2014/title-44/section-44-1/ |title=Virginia Code § 44-1. Composition of militia |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=law.justia.com |publisher= |access-date=17 February 2018|quote=}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=https://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/1909/related/acts/78.pdf |title=Chapter 78: AN ACT to create sections 649m to 649u, inclusive, of the statutes, establishing a naval militia. |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |website=Wisconsin Legislature Official Website |publisher= |access-date=10 May 2015}}
{{State Defense Forces}}

2 : Militia in the United States|State defense forces of the United States
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