词条 | Web typography |
释义 |
Web typography refers to the use of fonts on the World Wide Web. When HTML was first created, font faces and styles were controlled exclusively by the settings of each web browser. There was no mechanism for individual Web pages to control font display until Netscape introduced the {{tag|font|open}} tag in 1995, which was then standardized in the HTML 3.2 specification. However, the font specified by the tag had to be installed on the user's computer or a fallback font, such as a browser's default sans-serif or monospace font, would be used. The first Cascading Style Sheets specification was published in 1996 and provided the same capabilities. The CSS2 specification was released in 1998 and attempted to improve the font selection process by adding font matching, synthesis and download. These techniques did not gain much use, and were removed in the CSS2.1 specification. However, Internet Explorer added support for the font downloading feature in version 4.0, released in 1997.[1] Font downloading was later included in the CSS3 fonts module, and has since been implemented in Safari 3.1, Opera 10 and Mozilla Firefox 3.5. This has subsequently increased interest in Web typography, as well as the usage of font downloading. CSS1In the first CSS specification,[2] authors specified font characteristics via a series of properties:
All fonts were identified solely by name. Beyond the properties mentioned above, designers had no way to style fonts, and no mechanism existed to select fonts not present on the client system. Web-safe fontsWeb-safe fonts are fonts likely to be present on a wide range of computer systems, and used by Web content authors to increase the likelihood that content displays in their chosen font. If a visitor to a Web site does not have the specified font, their browser tries to select a similar alternative, based on the author-specified fallback fonts and generic families or it uses font substitution defined in the visitor's operating system. Microsoft's Core fonts for the Web{{Main|Core fonts for the Web}}To ensure that all Web users had a basic set of fonts, Microsoft started the Core fonts for the Web initiative in 1996 (terminated in 2002). Released fonts include Arial, Courier New, Times New Roman, Comic Sans, Impact, Georgia, Trebuchet, Webdings and Verdana—under an EULA that made them freely distributable but also limited some usage rights. Their high penetration rate has made them a staple for Web designers. However, most Linux distributions don't include these fonts by default. CSS2 attempted to increase the tools available to Web developers by adding font synthesis, improved font matching and the ability to download remote fonts.[3]Some CSS2 font properties were removed from CSS2.1 and later included in CSS3.[4][5] Fallback fonts{{Main|Fallback font}}The CSS specification allows for multiple fonts to be listed as fallback fonts.[6] In CSS, the The first font specified is the preferred font. If this font is not available, the Web browser attempts to use the next font in the list. If none of the fonts specified are found, the browser displays its default font. This same process also happens on a per-character basis if the browser tries to display a character not present in the specified font. Generic font familiesTo give Web designers some control over the appearance of fonts on their Web pages, even when the specified fonts are not available, the CSS specification allows the use of several generic font families. These families are designed to split fonts into several categories based on their general appearance. They are commonly specified as the last in a series of fallback fonts, as a last resort in the event that none of the fonts specified by the author are available. For several years, there were five generic families:[6] Sans-serifFonts that do not have decorative markings, or serifs, on their letters. These fonts are often considered easier to read on screens.[7]Serif Fonts that have decorative markings, or serifs, present on their characters. These fonts are traditionally used in printed books.Monospace Fonts in which all characters are equally wide.Cursive Fonts that resemble cursive writing. These fonts may have a decorative appearance, but they can be difficult to read at small sizes, so they are generally used sparingly.Fantasy Fonts that may contain symbols or other decorative properties, but still represent the specified character. CSS 4 introduces several new options: System-uiDefault fonts on a given system: purpose of this option is to allow web content to integrate with the look and feel of the native OS.Emoji Fonts using emojiMath Fonts for complex mathematical formula and expressions.Fangsong Chinese typefaces that are between serif Song and cursive Kai forms. This style is often used for government documents. Web fontsHistoryA technique to refer to and automatically download remote fonts was first specified in the CSS2 specification, which introduced the Microsoft first added support for downloadable EOT fonts in Internet Explorer 4 in 1997. Authors had to use the proprietary WEFT tool to create a subsetted font file for each page. EOT showed that webfonts could work and the format saw some use in writing systems not supported by common operating systems. However, the format never gained widespread acceptance and was ultimately rejected by W3C.[9] In 2006, Håkon Wium Lie started a campaign against using EOT and rather have web browsers support commonly used font formats.[10][11][12] Support for the commonly used TrueType and OpenType font formats has since been implemented in Safari 3.1, Opera 10, Mozilla Firefox 3.5 and Internet Explorer 9. In 2010, the WOFF compression method for TrueType and OpenType fonts was submitted to W3C by the Mozilla Foundation, Opera Software and Microsoft, and browsers have since added support.[13][14][15] Google Fonts was launched in 2010 to serve webfonts under open-source licenses. By 2016, more than 800 webfont families are available.[16]Webfonts have become an important tool for web designers and as of 2016 a majority of sites use webfonts.[17] File formats{{main|Comparison of browser engines (typography support)}}By using a specific CSS TrueDocTrueDoc, while not specifically a webfont specification, was the first standard for embedding fonts. It was developed by the type foundry Bitstream in 1994, and became natively supported in Netscape Navigator 4, in 1996. Due to open source license restrictions, with Netscape unable to release Bitstream's source code, native support for the technology ended when Netscape Navigator 6 was released. An ActiveX plugin was available to add support for TrueDoc to Internet Explorer, but the technology had to compete against Microsoft's Embedded OpenType fonts, which had natively supported in their Internet Explorer browser since version 4.0.[22] Another impediment was the lack of open-source or free tool to create webfonts in TrueDoc format, whereas Microsoft made available a free Web Embedding Fonts Tool to create webfonts in their format. Embedded OpenTypeInternet Explorer has supported font embedding through the proprietary Embedded OpenType standard since version 4.0. It uses digital rights management techniques to help prevent fonts from being copied and used without a license. A simplified subset of EOT has been formalized under the name of CWT (Compatibility Web Type, formerly EOT-Lite)[23] Scalable Vector GraphicsWeb typography applies to SVG in two ways:
Scalable Vector Graphics FontsSVG fonts was a W3C standard of fonts using SVG graphic that became a subset of OpenType fonts.[25] It allowed multicolor[26] or animated fonts.[27] It was first a subset of SVG 1.1 specifications[28] but it has been deprecated[29] in the SVG 2.0 specification. The SVG fonts as independent format is supported by most browsers apart from IE and Firefox, and is deprecated in Chrome (and Chromium).[30] That's now generally deprecated; the standard that most browser vendor agreed with is SVG font subset included in OpenType (and then WOFF superset, see below), called SVGOpenTypeFonts.[31] Firefox has supported SVG OpenType since Firefox 26. TrueType/OpenType{{main|TrueType|OpenType}}Linking to industry-standard TrueType (TTF) and OpenType (TTF/OTF) fonts is supported by Mozilla Firefox 3.5+, Opera 10+,[32] Safari 3.1+,[33] and Google Chrome 4.0+.[34] Internet Explorer 9+ supports only those fonts with embedding permissions set to installable.[35] Web Open Font Format{{main|Web Open Font Format}}The Web Open Font Format (WOFF) is essentially OpenType or TrueType with compression and additional metadata. WOFF is supported by Mozilla Firefox 3.6+,[36] Google Chrome 5+,[37][38] Opera Presto,[39]and is supported by Internet Explorer 9 (since March 14, 2011).[40] Support is available on Mac OS X Lion's Safari from release 5.1. Unicode fontsOnly two fonts available by default on the Windows platform, Microsoft Sans Serif and Lucida Sans Unicode, provide a wide Unicode character repertoire. A bug in Verdana (and the different handling of it by various user agents) hinders its usability where combining characters are desired. AlternativesA common hurdle in Web design is the design of mockups that include fonts that are not Web-safe. There are a number of solutions for situations like this. One common solution is to replace the text with a similar Web-safe font or use a series of similar-looking fallback fonts. Another technique is image replacement. This practice involves overlaying text with an image containing the same text written in the desired font. This is good for aesthetic purposes, but prevents text selection, increases bandwidth use, is bad for search engine optimization, and makes the text inaccessible for users with disabilities. Also common is the use of Flash-based solutions such as sIFR. This is similar to image replacement techniques, though the text is selectable and rendered as a vector. However, this method requires the presence of a proprietary plugin on a client's system. Another solution is using Javascript to replace the text with VML (for Internet Explorer) or SVG (for all other browsers).[41] Font hosting services allow users to pay a subscription to host non-Web-safe fonts online. Most services host the font for the user and provide the necessary An example of a CSS @font-face { font-family: 'Journal'; src: url('http://your-own.site/fonts/journal/journal.woff') format('woff'), url('http://your-own.site/fonts/journal/journal.svg#Journal') format('svg'), url('http://your-own.site/fonts/journal/journal.ttf') format('truetype'), url('http://your-own.site/fonts/journal/journal.eot'), url('http://your-own.site/fonts/journal/journal.eot?#iefix') format('embedded-opentype'); font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; } Practical considerations{{expand section|date=August 2014}}In practice, it matters not only what web browser the audience is using but also how their operating system is configured. In 2010, type designer and consultant Thomas Phinney (Vice President of FontLab and formerly with Adobe[42]) wrote a step-by-step process for finding the best rendering solution, which—more or less jokingly—uses a large number of goto statements.[43] A more visually oriented flow chart was posted in the same year on the Typophile forum by Miha Zajec.[44] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite web|url=http://browserwatch.internet.com/news/story/microsoft265.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19980708194539/browserwatch.internet.com/news/story/microsoft265.html|archivedate=8 July 1998|title=Embedded Fonts In Microsoft IE4pr2|date=2 September 1997|first=Dave|last=Garaffa|publisher=Internet.com}} 2. ^{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS1/ |title=Cascading Style Sheets, level 1 |date=1996-12-17 |publisher=W3C}} 3. ^{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/2008/REC-CSS2-20080411/fonts.html |title=Fonts |date=1998-05-12 |work=Cascading Style Sheets, level 2:CSS2 Specification |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium |accessdate=2009-07-28}} 4. ^{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS21/changes.html#q104 |title=CSS2.1 Changes —C.2.97 Chapter 15 Fonts |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium |accessdate=2010-01-30}} 5. ^{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-webfonts |title=CSS3 module: Web Fonts |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium |accessdate=2010-01-30}} 6. ^1 {{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/CSS2/fonts.html |title=CSS2 specification |work=Fonts |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium}} 7. ^{{cite web |url=http://alexpoole.info/blog/which-are-more-legible-serif-or-sans-serif-typefaces/ |title=Which Are More Legible: Serif or Sans Serif Typefaces? |last=Poole |first=Alex |date=2005-04-07 |accessdate=2017-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722154726/http://alexpoole.info/blog/which-are-more-legible-serif-or-sans-serif-typefaces/ |archivedate=2017-07-22 |deadurl=no}} 8. ^{{citation |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2008/07/21/font-embedding-on-the-web.aspx |title=Font Embedding on the Web |last=Hill |first=Bill |publisher=Microsoft |date=2008-07-21}} 9. ^W3C team comment 10. ^[https://www.cnet.com/news/microsofts-forgotten-monopoly/ Microsoft's forgotten monopoly] 11. ^Web fonts: the view from the free world 12. ^CSS @ Ten: The Next Big Thing 13. ^WOFF File Format 1.0 Submission Request to W3C 14. ^{{Citation |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2010/04/23/meet-woff-the-standard-web-font-format.aspx |title=Meet WOFF, The Standard Web Font Format |first=Sylvain |last=Galineau |date=2010-04-23 |publisher=Microsoft}} 15. ^{{citation|url=https://people.mozilla.org/~jkew/woff/|title=WOFF conversion reference code|accessdate=May 8, 2016}} 16. ^{{cite news|title=The new Google Fonts database is a design geek's paradise|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/6/15/11950320/google-fonts-website-redesign-2016|website=Theverge.com|accessdate=24 August 2016}} 17. ^Richard Fink (2016-09-06)[https://alistapart.com/article/webfonts-on-the-prairie Webfonts on the Prairie], Alist Apart 18. ^{{citation |url=http://randsco.com/index.php/2009/07/04/cross_browser_font_embedding |title=xBrowser Fonts — Expand Your Font Palette Using CSS3 |last=Kimler |first=Scott Thomas |date=2009-07-04 |accessdate= 2010-02-05}} 19. ^{{citation|url=http://typography.com/ask/faq.php#Ft_10 |title=What's involved in using fonts on websites? |publisher=Hoefler & Frere-Jones |accessdate=2010-03-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100322235842/http://www.typography.com/ask/faq.php#Ft_9 |archivedate=March 22, 2010 }} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.slideshare.net/novemberborn/geek-meet-web-typography-and-sifr-3#15|title=Geek Meet: Web Typography and sIFR 3 - Slide 15 and 16|last=Wubben|first=Mark|date=February 27, 2009|publisher=SlideShare|accessdate=17 March 2010}} 21. ^See Open-source typefaces and Free software Unicode typefaces listings for such fonts. 22. ^{{cite book|last1=Niederst|first1=Jennifer|title=Web design in a nutshell: a desktop quick reference|date=2001|publisher=O'Reilly||isbn=0-596-00196-7|page=36|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=358rxGp1NccC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=what+year+was+truedoc+developed&source=bl&ots=JsXdxu38N3&sig=mGSDqeCpZcNOEpfiJIMrK5cDlDA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwitnoDYrc_LAhVIKGMKHUzxD1MQ6AEIITAB#v=onepage&q=what%20year%20was%20truedoc%20developed&f=false|accessdate=20 March 2016}} 23. ^{{citation |url=http://lists.w3.org/Archives/Public/www-font/2009JulSep/0969.html |title=EOT-Lite File Format v.1.1 |last=Daggett |first=John |date=2009-07-31 |publisher=World Wide Web Consortium |accessdate=2010-01-30}} 24. ^{{citation |url=http://dev.opera.com/articles/view/presto-2-2-and-opera-10-a-first-look/#webfontssvg |title=Opera Presto 2.2 and Opera 10 — a first look |last=Mills |first=Chris |date=2008-12-04 |publisher=Opera Software|accessdate=2010-01-30}} 25. ^{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/2013/10/SVG_in_OpenType/| title=SVG in OpenType |publisher=W3C |accessdate=2014-09-20}} 26. ^{{citation |url=http://pixelambacht.nl/2014/multicolor-fonts/ |title=Colorful typography on the web: get ready for multicolor fonts |publisher=Pixel Ambacht |accessdate=2014-09-20}} 27. ^{{citation |url=https://people.mozilla.org/~jkew/opentype-svg/soccer.html |title=Anymated Glyph Example |publisher=people.Mozilla |accessdate=2014-09-20}} 28. ^{{citation |url=http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/fonts.html |title=Fonts |publisher=W3C |accessdate=2014-09-20}} 29. ^{{citation |url=https://www.w3.org/TR/SVG2/changes.html#fonts|title=Fonts chapter |publisher=W3C |accessdate=2018-03-08}} 30. ^{{citation |url=http://caniuse.com/svg-fonts |title=Can I Use SVG fonts |publisher=CanIuse |accessdate=2014-09-20}} 31. ^{{citation |url=https://wiki.mozilla.org/SVGOpenTypeFonts |title=SVGOpenTypeFonts |publisher=Mozilla |accessdate=2014-09-20}} 32. ^{{citation |url=http://www.opera.com/docs/specs/presto22/#css |title=Opera Presto 2.2 and Opera 10 — a first look |last=Mills |first=Chris |publisher=Opera Developer Community |accessdate=2010-01-29 |date=2008-12-04}} 33. ^{{citation |url=http://www.appleinsider.com/articles/08/02/07/apples_safari_3_1_to_support_downloadable_web_fonts_more.html |title=Apple's Safari 3.1 to support downloadable web fonts, more |last=Marsal |first=Katie |date=2008-02-07 |publisher=AppleInsider |accessdate=2010-02-05}} 34. ^{{citation |url=http://paulirish.com/2009/chrome-and-font-face-a-summary/ |title=Chrome and @font-face: It's here! |date=2010-01-25 |last=Irish |first=Paul}} 35. ^{{citation |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/b/ie/archive/2010/07/15/the-css-corner-better-web-typography-for-better-design.aspx |title=The CSS Corner: Better Web Typography For Better Design |date=2010-07-15 |publisher=Microsoft |first=Sylvain |last=Galineau}} 36. ^{{citation |url=http://blog.mozilla.com/blog/2009/10/20/mozilla-supports-web-open-font-format/ |title=Mozilla Supports Web Open Font Format |last=Shapiro |first=Melissa |date=2009-10-20 |publisher=Mozilla |accessdate=2010-02-05}} 37. ^{{citation |url=http://www.webmonkey.com/2010/04/google-chrome-to-support-the-web-open-font-format |title=Google Chrome to Support the Web Open Font Format |date=2010-04-26 |publisher=webmonkey |first=Scott |last=Gilbertson}} 38. ^{{citation |url=https://bugs.webkit.org/show_bug.cgi?id=38217 |title=Bug 38217 - {{Bracket|chromium}} Add WOFF support |publisher=WebKit}} 39. ^{{Citation |url=http://www.opera.com/docs/specs/presto27/ |title=Web specifications support in Opera Presto 2.7 |publisher=Opera}} 40. ^{{citation |url=http://blogs.msdn.com/ie/archive/2010/04/23/meet-woff-the-standard-web-font-format.aspx |title=Meet WOFF, The Standard Web Font Format |date=2010-04-23 |publisher=Microsoft |first=Sylvain |last=Galineau}} 41. ^[https://github.com/sorccu/cufon/wiki/About About Cufon] 42. ^http://www.adobe.com/products/type/font-designers/thomas-phinney.html 43. ^Thomas Phinney (October 13, 2010) [https://web.archive.org/web/20150531011523/http://blog.webink.com/font-rendering-in-web-browsers-a-find-your-font-adventure/ Font rendering in web browsers: a find-your-font adventure] 44. ^http://typophile.com/node/70216 as cited by Phinney ReferencesExternal links{{sisterlinks|d=Q1899429|v=Web Design|c=Category:Web design|n=no|b=no|wikt=no|s=no|species=no|q=no|m=no|mw=Design/Typography}}
3 : Digital typography|Web design|World Wide Web |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。