| 词条 | Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|native_name = Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad |conventional_long_name = Nawab Nazim of Bengal and Orissa (1717–1880){{sup|a}} and Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad (1882–1971){{sup|b}} |common_name = Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad |era = Mughal Empire Company rule in India |government_type = Nobility |date_start = |year_start = 1717 |date_end = |year_end = 1765 |year_exile_start = |year_exile_end = |event1 = Battle of Plassey |date_event1 = 23 June 1757 |event2 = Battle of Buxar |date_event2 = 22 October 1764 |event3 = Abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal |date_event3 = 1880 |event4 = Abdication of Mansoor Ali Khan, the last Nawab of Bengal |date_event4 = 1 November 1880 |event5 = Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad |date_event5 = 17 February 1882 |event6 = Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolishes titles, except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields |date_event6 = 26 January 1950 |event_pre = Emergence of the Mughal Empire |date_pre = 1526 |p1 = Bengal Sultanate |flag_p1 = |p2 = Delhi Sultanate |flag_p2 = |p3 = Mughal Empire |flag_p3 = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg |s1 = Company rule in India |flag_s1 = Flag of the British East India Company (1801).svg |s2 = Bengal Presidency |flag_s2 = Arms of Bengal.png |s3 = British Raj |flag_s3 = British Raj Red Ensign.svg |image_flag = |flag_alt = |flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Nawab of Bengal (top) and that of the Nawab of Murshidabad (bottom).png |coat_alt = Coat of Arms of the Nawab Nizamm of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa (top) and that of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad (bottom) |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_map = 1776 Rennell - Dury Wall Map of Bihar and Bengal, India - Geographicus - BaharBengal-dury-1776.jpg |image_map2_alt = |image_map2_caption = |capital = Murshidabad{{sup|c}} |capital_exile = |national_motto = Nil Desperandum "There is no cause for despair, never despair" |national_anthem = |common_languages = English Persian Bengali Hindi Urdu Arabic |religion = |currency = |title_leader = |leader2 = |leader3 = |leader4 = |year_leader1 = |year_leader2 = |year_leader3 = |year_leader4 = |representative1 = |representative2 = |representative3 = |representative4 = |year_representative1 = |year_representative2 = |year_representative3 = |year_representative4 = |title_representative = |deputy1 = |deputy2 = |deputy3 = |deputy4 = |year_deputy1 = |year_deputy2 = |year_deputy3 = |year_deputy4 = |title_deputy = |legislature = |house1 = |type_house1 = |house2 = |type_house2 = |stat_year1 = 1901 |stat_area1 = |stat_pop1 = 75 million[1] |stat_year2 = |stat_area2 = |stat_pop2 = |stat_year3 = |stat_area3 = |stat_pop3 = |stat_year4 = |today = {{flag|India}} {{flag|Bangladesh}} |stat_area4 = |stat_pop4 = |stat_year5 = |stat_area5 = |stat_pop5 = | footnote_a = Title abolished in 1880 | footnote_b = {{longitem|After Indian independence in 1947, followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India, the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles, except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields. However, under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles. However, this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India. Thus the title of the "Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad" was officially, constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971.}} | footnote_c = {{longitem|Murshidabad was the capital for both the Nawabs of Bengal and the Nawabs of Murshidabad.}} }}{{History of Bangladesh|state=collapsed}}{{History of India|state=collapsed}} The Nawabs of Bengal (full title, the Nawab Nizam of Bengal and Orissa) were the rulers of the then provinces of Bengal and Orissa. Between 1717 and 1772, they served as the rulers of the subah (or province) of Bengal. However, they were only nominally subordinate to the Mughal Empire. Siraj ud-Daulah, the last independent Nawab of Bengal was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jafar. He lost to the British, who in 1757, installed Mir Jafar on the Masnad (throne) and established itself as a political power in Bengal.[2] In 1765 the system of Dual Government was established, in which the Nawabs ruled on behalf of the British and were puppets to the British. In 1772 the system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (governorship) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company.[3][4] The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansur Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son, Hassan Ali Mirza.[5] Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, following Mansur Ali Khan's abdication[5][6] They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880. They had little or no say in the share of the revenue collected and were ceased to use any force. After Indian Independence in 1947 it was declared that the princely states must accede to either India or Pakistan (East/West Pakistan).[7]{{full citation needed|date=December 2018}} Murshidabad (the capital city) became a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days, as it had a Muslim majority. It became a part of India on 17 August 1947, following which the Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop it. After merging with India, they had no power as the Government of India took over all the princely states in India.[7] The house of the Nawabs appeared to have come to end in 1969 with Waris Ali Mirza being the last reigning Nawab and with no clear succession.[8] Although he left three sons and three daughters there was no clear successor to the title after his death because he disinherited one and the others disputed his will.[8]Eventually, in August 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Mirza (born 1942)[12] to be the heir to the erstwhile Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad and lawful heir to the Nawab's property and office which had been in abeyance since the death of Abbas Ali Mirza's maternal uncle Waris Ali Mirza (the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad) in 1969.[12] However, it is to be noted that after Indian independence in 1947, followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India, the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles, except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields.[9] However, under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles. But this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India. Thus the title of the "Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad" was officially, constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971.[10] Bengal{{Main|Bengal|Bengal Presidency|Bengal Subah}}The term "Bengal" incorporates to delineate the ethno-linguistic region of Bengal which including but not limited is all districts within the People's Republic of Bangladesh, as well as West Bengal, India.[11][12][13] During the first partition of Bengal in the early 20th century a new province, Eastern Bengal was created as a Lieutenant-Governorship along with Assam.[14] In 1911, East Bengal (now Bangladesh) was reunited with Bengal, and the new provinces in the east became: Assam, Bengal Province.[15] The Nawab thus gained rule over Orissa, which were earlier part of Bengal.[16][17][18] So sometimes That is why the Nawabs of Bengal were also mentioned as "Nawab of Bengal"[19] - where Nazim (or, Subahdar) means the provincial governor - as they ruled over three subahs while the Nawabs of Murshidabad were the local ruler of the city of Murshidabad.[20]{{self-published inline|date=November 2016}} The majority of modern Bengal is inhabited by Bengali people who speak the Bengali language.[21] History before the Nawab's ruleSultans of BengalThe early Sultans of Bengal ruled until 1282 which was followed by the rule of several successive dynasties. Ilyas Shah founder of the Ilyas Shahi dynasty, took complete charge of the then Bengal[22] and the capital was shifted to Sonargaon (near present day, Dhaka in Bangladesh).[23] He was one of the independent rulers of Bengal. His son, Sikandar Shah, who succeeded him, built the Adina Mosque at Pandua, near Gour, Adina Mosque in the medieval times, was considered to be the largest in undivided Bengal, as well as the entire Indian subcontinent.[24] Mughal EmpireThe Mughal Empire emerged as a powerful Empire in northern India. Babur, who was related to two legendary warriors – Timur and Genghis Khan, invaded north India and defeated Ibrahim Lodi of the Lodi dynasty.[25] Babur thus became the first Mughal emperor. He was succeeded by his son, Humayun. At the same time, Sher Shah Suri (alias Farid Khan) of the Suri dynasty rose to prominence and established himself as the ruler of the present day Bihar by defeating Ghiyasuddin Shah. But he lost to capture the kingdom because of sudden expedition of Humayun. In 1539, Sher Khan faced Humayun in the Battle of Chausa. He forced Humayun out of India. Assuming the title Sher Shah, he ascended the throne of Delhi. He also captured Agra and established control from Bengal in the east, to the Indus River in the west.[26] After his death he was succeeded by his son, Islam Shah Suri. But in 1544 the Suris were torn apart by internal conflicts. Humayun took this advantage and captured Lahore and Delhi, but he died in 1556 AD.[27] He was succeeded by Akbar, who defeated Daud Khan Karrani of Bengal's Karrani Dynasty (or, Karnani Dynasty). After this, the administration of the entire region of Bengal passed into the hands of governors appointed by the Mughal emperors, who ruled Bengal till 1716 AD.[33][28][29] Bengal Subah was one of the wealthiest parts of the Mughal empire.[30] There were several posts under the Mughal administrative system during Akbar's reign. Diwani was a system of provincial revenue administration under the Mughals. Nizamat (civil administration) and Diwani (revenue administration) were the two main branches of the provincial administration under the Mughals.[33] A Subahdar (provincial viceroy or governor), also called a Nizam was in-charge of the Nizamat. There was a chain of subordinate officials under the Nizams on the executive side and under Diwans on the revenue and judicial side.[33]Decline of the Mughal EmpireAs the Mughal empire began to decline, the Nawabs grew in power, although nominally subordinate to the Mughal emperor.[33][31] They wielded great power in their own right and finally became independent rulers of the Bengal region, for all practical purposes, by the early 1700s.[31] History during the Nawab's rule{{History of Bengal|state=collapsed}}Emergence of the Nawab Nizam of BengalMurshid Quli Khan arrived as the Diwan of Bengal in 1717 AD. Before his arrival, there were four Diwans. And, after his arrival, Azim-ush-Shan held the Nizam's office. Azim got into conflict with Murshid Quli Khan over imperial financial control. Considering the complaint of Khan, the then Mughal emperor, Aurangzeb ordered Azim to move to Bihar.[32] Upon his departure the two posts united in one and Murshid Quli Khan became the first Nizam cum Diwan of Bengal. Murshid Khan was appointed the "Nawab Nizam of Bengal" and he emerged as the ruler of Bengal under the Mughals.[33][33] Murshidabad remained the capital of the Nawabs of Bengal until their rule.[33][34] The Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah, was betrayed in the Battle of Plassey by Mir Jaffer.[35] He lost to the British East India Company, who took installed Mir Jaffer on the Masnad (throne), as a "puppet ruler" and established itself to a political power in Bengal.[36]In 1765, Robert Clive, of the British East India Company, became the first British Governor of Bengal.[2] He secured in perpetuity for the Company the Diwani (revenue and civil justice) of the then Bengal subah from the then Mughal Emperor, Shah Alam II and thus the system of Dual Government was established and the Bengal Presidency was formed. In 1772 the Dual Government system was abolished and Bengal was brought under direct control of the British. In 1793, when the Nizamat (military power and criminal justice) of the Nawab was also taken away from them, they remained as the mere pensioners of the British East India Company. After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended and the British Crown took over the territories which were under the direct rule of the British East India Company in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. These territories, including the territory of the Nawab Nazims came under the direct rule of the British Crown and British Raj was established in India. Thus, the Nawab Nizams remained just the titular heads of their territory, which was now ruled by the British Crown, and they had no political or any other kind of control over the territory.[37][38] The last Nawab of Bengal, Mansoor Ali Khan abdicated on 1 November 1880 in favour of his eldest son.[39] Dynasties of NawabsFrom 1717 until 1880, three successive Islamic dynasties – Nasiri, Afshar and Najafi – ruled what was then known as Bengal.[40] The first dynasty, the Nasiri, ruled from 1717 until 1740. The founder of the Nasiri, Murshid Quli Khan, was born a poor Deccani Odia Brahmin before being sold into slavery and bought by one Haji Shafi Isfahani, a Persian merchant from Isfahan who converted him to Islam. He entered the service of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb and rose through the ranks before becoming the Nawab Nizam of Bengal in 1717, a post he held until his death in 1727. He in turn was succeeded by his son-in-law, Shuja-ud-Din Muhammad Khan.[41] After Shuja-ud-Din's death in 1739 he was succeeded by his son, Sarfaraz Khan, who held the rank, until he was killed in the Battle of Giria in 1741, and was succeeded by Alivardi Khan, former ruler of Patna, of the Afshar Dynasty in 1740.[42] The second dynasty, the Afshar, ruled from 1740 to 1757. Siraj ud-Daulah (Alivardi Khan's grandson), the last Afshar Nawab was killed in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[56] They were succeeded by the third and final dynasty to rule the whole Bengal, the Najafi.[43] Maratha expeditionsMarathas undertook six expeditions in Bengal from 1741–1748. Maratha general, Raghunath Rao was able to annex Orissa to his kingdom and the larger confederacy permanently as he successfully exploited the chaotic conditions prevailing in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa after the death of Murshid Quli Khan in 1727.[44] Constantly harassed by the Bhonsles, Orissa, Bengal and parts of Bihar were economically ruined. Alivardi Khan made peace with Raghunathrao in 1751 ceding in perpetuity Orissa up to the river Suvarnarekha, and agreeing to pay {{Indian Rupees}}12 lacs annually in lieu of the Chauth of Bengal and Bihar.[45] The treaty included {{Indian Rupees}}20 lacs as Chauth for Bengal (includes both West Bengal and Bangladesh) and {{Indian Rupees}}12 lacs for Bihar (including Jharkhand). After this, Maratha promised never to cross the boundary of the Nawab of Bengal's territory.[46] Thus, Baji Rao is hailed as the greatest Maratha chief after Shivaji because of his success in subjecting Muslim rulers of east India in states such as Bengal, Bihar and Orissa to the Maratha rule.[47] Nawabs of Bengal under British rule and their declineThe break-up of the centralised Mughal empire by 1750, led to the creation of numerous semi-independent kingdoms (all provinces of the former Mughal empire). Nawab Siraj ud-Daulah was defeated by the British forces of Sir Robert Clive in the Battle of Plassey in 1757.[48] Thereafter the Nawab of Bengal became a "puppet ruler" depending on military support from British East India company to secure their throne.[48] Siraj-ud-Daula was replaced by Mir Jafar. He was personally led to the throne by Robert Clive, after triumph of the British in the battle.[48] He briefly tried to re-assert his power by allying with the Dutch, but this plan was ended by the Battle of Chinsurah. After the defeat at Battle of Buxar and grant of the Diwani (revenue collection) of Bengal by the then Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, to the British East India Company in August 1765 and the appointment of Warren Hastings by the East India Company as their first Governor General of Bengal in 1773, the Nawabs authority became restricted. By 1773, British East India company asserted much authority and formed the Bengal Presidency over areas ruled by the Nawabs i.e. the Bengal Subah, along with some other regions and abolished the system of Dual Government. In 1793 (during Nawab Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign), the Nizamat (military power, civil and criminal justice) was abolished, British East India company thus annexed this former Mughal province as part of their empire and took complete control of the region, and the Nawabs of Bengal became mere pensioners of the British East India Company. All the Diwan offices except the Diwan Ton were also abolished.[37][38][49] After the Revolt of 1857, Company rule in India ended, and all the territories which were under the rule of the British East India Company came under the British Crown in 1858, which marked the beginning of the British Raj. And administrative control of India came under the Indian Civil Service, which had administrative control over all areas in India, except the Princely States.[15] Mansoor Ali Khan (aka Feradun Jah) was the last Nawab of Bengal. During his reign the Nizamat at Murshidabad became involved in debts. The then Government of India involved it into an action of preventing further claims. Feradun Jah left Murshidabad in February 1869 and started living in England. The title of "Nawab of Bengal" was abolished in 1880.[50] He returned to Bombay in October 1880 but spent most of his time pleading his case against the orders of the Government of India. After it was not resolved the Nawab renounced his styles and titles of Nawab Nizam of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and abdicated in favour of his eldest son at St. Ives, Maidenhead, on 1 November 1880.[50]Emergence of the Nawab of Murshidabad and the Nawabs post Indian independenceThe Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawab Nizams of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa as Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, following Mansoor Ali Khan's abdication[51][39][52] Nawabs of Murshidabad were the successors of the Nawabs of Bengal. After Lord Clive secured the Diwani of Bengal from Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II in 1765 for the East India Company they did not have any effective authority. So they lavishly enjoyed their title, privileges alongside with the honours they received. They got the title changed as the title of the Nawab of Bengal was abolished in 1880.[51] They had little or no say and ceased to control any significant force.[51][53] After Indian Independence in 1947, all the non-princely states were subject to a test of religious majority in which the Muslim majority areas formed the Dominion of Pakistan, while the other regions formed the Dominion of India.[7] Murshidabad (the capital city for both, the Nawabs of Bengal and the Nawabs of Murshidabad) became a part of East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) for two days, as it had a Muslim majority. However, it became a part of India on 17 August 1947.[54] The Pakistani flag was brought down from the Hazarduari Palace and the Indian tricolour was hoisted atop the palace.[55] The Nawabs, after the takeover by the British had no actual power and after merging with India too, they had yielded power, as the Government of India took over control of all the areas that merged with India. Furthermore, with the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, the Dominion of India was transformed into the Republic of India, and the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution (which is a part of the Right to Equality, a fundamental right in India), titles were abolished. The Article prevents the state from confirming any title except those titles given by the Government to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields. Such titles and awards include the Bharat Ratna, the Padma Shri and the Padma Vibhushan (the Supreme Court of India, on 15 December 1995, upheld the validity of such awards). Thus, with the promulgation of the Constitution, the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad was abolished. And although, the Nawab Waris Ali Meerza held titles such as Raes ud-Daulah, they were not officially or legally recognised.[7][56] Although, the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad had no political power the office continued to be held by the second Nawab Bahadur Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur, who had held the office since 1906, and after his death in 1959, he was succeeded by his son, Syed Wasif Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur.[7] Waris Ali Meerza died in 1969,[12] survived by his three sons and three daughters. According to the Nawab's law, the eldest son of the Nawab succeeded him, however, Waris Ali's eldest son, Wakif Ali Meerza Bahadur, was excluded from the succession by his father for contracting a non-Muslim marriage and for not professing the Muslim religion. Waris Ali Meerza, the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, died in 1969, and he took no steps during his lifetime to establish his succession. And before declaring his successor Waris Ali died. There was no clear successor to Waris Ali.[57] Since then there was no clear successor to Waris Ali and the titular office/post was in dispute, and a legal battle ensued. And following this as the title was in dispute, a legal battle ensued. Abbas Ali Meerza claimed to be the legal heir of Waris Ali on the basis of being the son of the daughter of Waris Alis' father, the second Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, Wasif Ali Meerza; while Sajid Ali Meerza claimed the same on the basis of being the son by mut‘ah marriage of Wasif Ali. The case reached the Supreme Court and finally, the Supreme Court judges, Justice Ranjan Gogoi and Justice R K Agrawal, gave their judgement on 13 August 2014, declaring the then 72-year-old Abbas Ali Meerza (full name, Syed Mohammed Abbas Ali Meerza), who happened to be the son of the only daughter of Waris Ali's father, Wasif Ali Meerza (the third Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad), the successor and the legal heir to the former Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Meerza. The Court directed Abbas Ali Meerza, son of Syed Muhammad Sadeque Ali Meerza, to be the direct descendant of Waris Ali Meerza. However, the case against the state's annexation of the Murshidabad Estate, which is worth several thousand crores, is still on, {{as of|2014|lc=yes}}.[12][86] However, it is to be noted that after Indian independence in 1947, followed by the promulgation of the Indian Constitution on 26 January 1950, which marked the transformation of the Dominion of India into the Republic of India, the Article 18 of the Indian Constitution abolished all titles, except those given by the Government of India to those who have made their mark in military and academic fields.[9] However, under the policy of Privy Purse nobles were allowed to enjoy certain privileges and keep their titles. But this policy was abolished in 1971 by the twenty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India. Thus the title of the "Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad" was officially, constitutionally and legally abolished in 1971.[10] Thus, as titles have been abolished in India, the title of the Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad no longer exists. However, Abbas Ali Meerza can now succeed Waris Ali Meerza's office legally, but his title of the fourth Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad would be unofficial, as the title is not legally and officially recognised.[12][86][58] List of the Nawabs of BengalThe following is a list of all the Nawabs of Bengal. Sarfaraz Khan and Mir Mohammad Jaffer Ali Khan (Mir Jaffer) were the only Nawabs to become the Nawab twice.[59] The chronology started in 1717 with Murshid Quli Khan and ended in 1881 with Mansoor Ali Khan's abdication.[51][39][59]
List of the Nawabs of MurshidabadThe Nawabs of Murshidabad succeeded the Nawabs of Bengal after the abdication in 1881 and the abolition of the title of Nawab of Bengal in 1880.[51][39] There have been four Nawabs of Murshidabad, as of 2014, as follows. However, it is to be noted that Waris Ali Mirza was the last official Nawab Bahadur of Murshidabad, for titles like these were abolished in 1971. Though Abbas Ali Mirza is the legal heir to Waris Ali Mirza's office, the title no longer enjoys legal sanctity owing to the abolition of the policy of Privy Purse by the twenty-sixth amendment to the Indian Constitution:[10]
Notes1. ^{{Harvnb|Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. IV|1907|p=46}} 2. ^1 {{cite book |last1=Chaudhury |first1=Sushil |last2=Mohsin |first2=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Sirajuddaula |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150614191817/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Sirajuddaula |archivedate=14 June 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 3. ^{{cite book |last=Singh |first=Vipul |date=2009 |title=Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75avUTXB11AC&pg=PA29 |publisher=Pearson Education India |pages=29–|isbn=9788131728888 }} 4. ^{{cite book |date=2009 |title=Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnyaLNskRfEC&pg=PA11 |publisher=Upkar Prakashan |pages=11– |isbn=978-81-7482-744-9}} 5. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm|title=Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal|date=8 May 2012|author=Murshidabad.net|accessdate=10 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005536/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm|archivedate=2 September 2012|df=dmy-all}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm|title=Hassan Ali Mirza's succession|date=8 May 2012|author=Murshidabad.net|accessdate=10 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802033722/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm|archivedate=2 August 2012|df=dmy-all}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{Harvnb|Lumby|1954|p=232}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm|title=The last reigning Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Mirza Khan Bahadur|accessdate=10 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120824185643/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm|archivedate=24 August 2012|df=dmy-all}} 9. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1163710/|title=Article 18 of the Indian Constitution|publisher=Indiankanoon.org|date=|accessdate=1 May 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731102557/https://indiankanoon.org/doc/1163710/|archivedate=31 July 2017|df=dmy-all}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm |title=Twenty Sixth Amendment to the Indian Constitution |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |date=28 December 1971 |accessdate=1 May 2017 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111206041333/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend26.htm |archivedate=6 December 2011 |df=dmy-all }} 11. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uunyz4qFZwEC|title=Sultans and Mosques: The Early Muslim Architecture of Bangladesh|last=Hasan|first=Perween|date=15 August 2007|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=9781845113810|page=4|language=en}} 12. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaZoAgAAQBAJ|title=Contradictory Lives: Baul Women in India and Bangladesh|last=Knight|first=Lisa I.|date=1 June 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199773619|page=191|language=en}} 13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DUgsAwAAQBAJ|title=Being Bengali: At Home and in the World|last=Chakraborty|first=Mridula Nath|date=26 March 2014|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317818908|page=141|language=en}} 14. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bjkBM3qyZ00C|title=Society, Politics, and Development in North East India: Essays in Memory of Dr. Basudeb Datta Ray|last=Ray|first=Asok Kumar|last2=Chakraborty|first2=Satyabrata|date=2008|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=9788180695728|page=195|language=en}} 15. ^1 David Gilmour, The Ruling Caste: Imperial Lives in the Victorian Raj (2007) pp. 46, 135 16. ^Sir James Bourdillon The Partition of Bengal (London: Society of Arts) 1905 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm|title=History of Bangladesh|publisher=Bangladesh Student Association|accessdate=11 August 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061219141732/http://www.orgs.ttu.edu/saofbangladesh/history.htm|archivedate=19 December 2006}} 18. ^{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=78xTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=6DgNAAAAIBAJ&pg=1738,3655&dq=india+partition&hl=en|title=Britain Proposes Indian Partition|date=2 June 1947|publisher=The Leader-Post|location=Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada|agency=BUP}} 19. ^{{cite web|url=http://murshidabad.nic.in/history1.htm|title=Nawabs of Bengal were also known as Nawabs of Bengal and Orissa|publisher=Murshidabad.nic.in|accessdate=14 August 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120106125513/http://murshidabad.nic.in/history1.htm|archivedate=6 January 2012|df=dmy-all}} 20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/India4/murshidabad.htm|title=The Nawabs of Murshidabad ruled only over Murshidabad|publisher=Royal Ark|accessdate=14 August 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121108013836/http://royalark.net/India4/murshidabad.htm|archivedate=8 November 2012|df=dmy-all}} 21. ^{{cite book |last1=Huq |first1=Mohammad Daniul |last2=Sarkar |first2=Pabitra |year=2012 |chapter=Bangla Language |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706032246/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Bangla_Language |archivedate=6 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 22. ^Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.197 23. ^Majumdar, R.C. (ed.) (2006). The Delhi Sultanate, Mumbai: Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, p.212 24. ^{{cite book |last=Husain |first=ABM |year=2012 |chapter=Adina Mosque |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Adina_Mosque |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307033446/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Adina_Mosque |archivedate=7 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 25. ^{{Cite journal |title=Babu, the First Moghul Emperor: Wine and Tulips in Kabul |url=http://www.economist.com/node/17723207 |journal=The Economist |date=16 December 2010 |pages=80–82 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20170310134130/http://www.economist.com/node/17723207 |archivedate=10 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 26. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0844870.html |title = Sher Khan |publisher = Columbia Encyclopedia |year = 2010 |accessdate = 24 August 2010 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100117094320/http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0844870.html |archivedate = 17 January 2010 |df = dmy-all}} 27. ^{{cite web |title = Biography of Islam Shah the Successor of Sher Shah |url = http://www.preservearticles.com/2012031025991/biography-of-islam-shah-the-successor-of-sher-shah.html |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182145/http://www.preservearticles.com/2012031025991/biography-of-islam-shah-the-successor-of-sher-shah.html |archivedate = 8 December 2015 |df = dmy-all}} 28. ^{{cite book |last=Ahmed |first=ABM Shamsuddin |year=2012 |chapter=Daud Khan Karrani |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Daud_Khan_Karrani |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703124359/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Daud_Khan_Karrani |archivedate=3 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 29. ^The History of India: The Hindú and Mahometan Periods By Mountstuart Elphinstone, Edward Byles Cowell, Published by J. Murray, 1889, Public Domain 30. ^{{cite web |title = Bengal subah was one the richest subahs of the Mughal Empire |url = http://business.illinois.edu/doogar/www/other/jain/murshid.html |accessdate = 17 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = http://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20120819051449/http://business.illinois.edu/doogar/www/other/jain/murshid.html |archivedate = 19 August 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 31. ^1 {{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=ga-pmgxsWwoC&pg=PA11&dq=balaji+vishwanath+peshwa#v=onepage&q=balaji%20vishwanath%20peshwa&f=false | title = History Modern India – S. N. Sen – Google Books | accessdate = 6 July 2012| isbn = 9788122417746 | last1 = Sen | first1 = S. N. | year = 2006 }} 32. ^{{cite book |last=Chatterjee |first=Anjali |year=2012 |chapter=Azim-us-Shan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212028/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Azim-us-Shan |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 33. ^{{cite web |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm |publisher = Murshidabad.net |title = Emergence of the Nawab of Bengal with Murshid Quli khan being the first Nawab |accessdate = 17 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120705195445/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm |archivedate = 5 July 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 34. ^{{cite book |last=Mohsin |first=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Murshidabad |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshidabad |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304200028/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshidabad |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 35. ^{{Cite book |title=Hist & Civics Viii Mat Board |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7V3NnN0aTPYC |date=2005 |publisher=Tata McGraw-Hill Education |page=10 |isbn=9780070604452}} 36. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dyPhAAAAMAAJ|title=Review Projector (India).|date=1985|publisher=T.R. Kesava Murthy|page=31|language=en}} 37. ^1 {{cite book | last = Singh | first = Vipul | title = Longman History & Civics (Dual Government in Bengal) | date = 1 September 2009 | publisher = Pearson Education India | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=75avUTXB11AC&pg=PA29| isbn = 9788131728888 }} 38. ^1 {{cite book | title = Madhya Pradesh National Means-Cum-Merit Scholarship Exam (Warren Hasting's system of Dual Government) | date = 1 January 2009 | publisher = Upkar Prakashan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=QnyaLNskRfEC&pg=PA11| isbn = 9788174827449 }} 39. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |title = Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm |accessdate = 10 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005536/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm |archivedate = 2 September 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 40. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1HelAwAAQBAJ|title=Bangladesh - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture|last=Rahman|first=Urmi|date=23 December 2014|publisher=Bravo Limited|isbn=9781857336962|language=en}} 41. ^{{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 20 May 2012 |title = Biography of Murshid Quli Khan |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120705195445/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm |archivedate = 5 July 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 42. ^{{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |title = Defeat of Sarfaraz Khan in the Battle of Giria |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-sarfaraz-khan.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120623115607/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-sarfaraz-khan.htm |archivedate = 23 June 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 43. ^{{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |title = Dynasties of The Nawabs |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120903091902/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |archivedate = 3 September 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 44. ^SNHM. Vol. II, pp. 209, 224. 45. ^{{cite book | last = Wernham | first = R. B. | title = The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 3, Counter-Reformation and Price Revolution, 1559–1610 (Maratha invasion of Bengal) | date = 1 Nov 1968 | publisher = CUP Archive | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA555 | accessdate = 14 August 2012}} 46. ^{{cite book | last = Sarkar | first = Jadunath | title = Fall Of The Mughal Empire- Vol. I (4Th Edn.) (Maratha Chauth from Bihar) | date = 1 Jan 1991 | publisher = Orient Blackswan | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=gKOqA9lgtbwC&pg=PA64 | accessdate = 14 August 2012| isbn = 9788125011491 }} 47. ^{{cite book | title = Architecture and Art of the Deccan Sultanates, Volumes 1-7 (Maratha raids in Bihar) | author = George Michell and Mark Zebrowski | date = 10 Jun 1999 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aHcfv6zkJgQC&pg=PA21 | accessdate = 14 August 2012| isbn = 9780521563215 }} 48. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.facts-about-india.com/bengal-nawabs.php|title=Defeat of Siraj ud-Daulah in the Battle of Plassey|accessdate=28 July 2012|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920141054/http://www.facts-about-india.com/bengal-nawabs.php|archivedate=20 September 2012|df=dmy-all}} 49. ^{{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |title = Incidents during Mubarak ud-Daulah's reign |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mubarak-ud-daulla.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009060540/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mubarak-ud-daulla.htm |archivedate = 9 October 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 50. ^1 {{cite web |title = Decline of the Nawabs of Bengal |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120902005536/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm |archivedate = 2 September 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 51. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web |publisher = Murdhidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |title = The Nawabs ruled earlier under the Mughal and later under the British |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120903091902/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-nawab.htm |archivedate = 3 September 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 52. ^{{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 8 May 2012 |title = Hassan Ali Meerza's succession |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm |accessdate = 10 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120802033722/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm |archivedate = 2 August 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 53. ^{{cite web |title = The Nawabs of Murshidabad had little or no say |url = http://www.royalark.net/India4/murshidabad.htm |publisher = Royal Ark |accessdate = 17 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121108013836/http://royalark.net/India4/murshidabad.htm |archivedate = 8 November 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 54. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sb1ryB8CVvIC|title=Terrorism in India's North-east: A Gathering Storm|last=Prakash|first=Ved|date=2008|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=9788178356617|page=350|language=en}} 55. ^{{Cite news |title=Nawabs' Murshidabad House lies in tatters |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Nawabs-Murshidabad-House-lies-in-tatters/articleshow/48507315.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=2 May 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105200042/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Nawabs-Murshidabad-House-lies-in-tatters/articleshow/48507315.cms |archivedate=5 January 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 56. ^{{cite web |url = http://www.gktoday.in/article-18-of-indian-constitution-and-abolition-of-titles/ |title = Article 18 of Indian Constitution and Abolition of Titles |publisher = GK Today |accessdate = 18 June 2015 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150618193618/http://www.gktoday.in/article-18-of-indian-constitution-and-abolition-of-titles/ |archivedate = 18 June 2015 |df = dmy-all}} 57. ^{{cite web |publisher = Murshidabad.net |date = 24 May 2012 |title = Decline of the Nawabs of Murshidabad |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm |accessdate = 9 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120824185643/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm |archivedate = 24 August 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 58. ^{{cite web |title = The last Nawab of Murshidabad, Waris Ali Meerza Khan Bahadur |url = http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm |accessdate = 10 August 2012 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120824185643/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm |archivedate = 24 August 2012 |df = dmy-all}} 59. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://murshidabad.nic.in/history1.htm | title = The Nawabs of Bengal (chronologically) | accessdate = 28 July 2012 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120106125513/http://murshidabad.nic.in/history1.htm | archivedate = 6 January 2012}} 60. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Murshid Quli Khan|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421195355/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-murshid-quli-khan.htm|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 61. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/biography/Murshid-Quli-Khan|title=Murshid Quli Khan {{!}} Indian nawab|website=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160801142917/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Murshid-Quli-Khan|archivedate=1 August 2016|df=dmy-all}} 62. ^{{cite book |last=Karim |first=Abdul |year=2012 |chapter=Murshid Quli Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshid_Quli_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404111435/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Murshid_Quli_Khan |archivedate=4 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }} 63. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-sarfaraz-khan.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Sarfaraz Khan|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421220405/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-sarfaraz-khan.htm|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 64. ^{{cite book |last=Karim |first=KM |year=2012 |chapter=Shujauddin Muhammad Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shujauddin_Muhammad_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150710002332/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Shujauddin_Muhammad_Khan |archivedate=10 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 65. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-suja-ud-daulla.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Suja-ud-Daulla|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421195518/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-suja-ud-daulla.htm|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 66. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-alivardi-khan.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Alivardi Khan|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309144640/http://www.murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-alivardi-khan.htm|archivedate=9 March 2016|df=dmy-all}} 67. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMhAQAAIAAJ|title=Bengal, Past & Present: Journal of the Calcutta Historical Society|date=1962|publisher=The Society|pages=34–36|language=en}} 68. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-siraj-ud-daulla.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Siraj-ud-Daulla|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023706/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-siraj-ud-daulla.htm|archivedate=7 May 2016|df=dmy-all}} 69. ^{{Cite web |url=http://storyofpakistan.com/nawab-siraj-ud-daulah |title=Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah |date=3 January 2005 |website=Story Of Pakistan |access-date=7 May 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804104049/http://storyofpakistan.com/nawab-siraj-ud-daulah |archivedate=4 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 70. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4gg9Zvqs7mwC|title=The Riyaz̤u-s-salāt̤īn: A History of Bengal|last=Zaidpūrī|first=Ghulām Ḥusain (called Salīm) |date=1902|publisher=Asiatic Society|page=384|language=en}} 71. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Mir Muhammed Jafar Ali Khan|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=7 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408160557/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-mir-jafar.htm|archivedate=8 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 72. ^{{Cite news |title=Portrait of an accidental Nawab |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |newspaper=The Times of India |access-date=7 May 2016 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822062815/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |archivedate=22 August 2016 |df=dmy-all }} 73. ^1 {{cite book |last=Shah |first=Mohammad |year=2012 |chapter=Mir Jafar Ali Khan |chapter-url=http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jafar_Ali_Khan |editor1-last=Islam |editor1-first=Sirajul |editor1-link=Sirajul Islam |editor2-last=Jamal |editor2-first=Ahmed A. |title=Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh |edition=Second |publisher=Asiatic Society of Bangladesh |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703143931/http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php?title=Mir_Jafar_Ali_Khan |archivedate=3 July 2015 |df=dmy-all }} 74. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3jk0AAAAIAAJ|title=Bibliotheca Indica|date=1902|publisher=Baptist Mission Press|page=397|language=en}} 75. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-najam-ud-daulla.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Najam-ud-Daulla|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=16 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421182816/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-najam-ud-daulla.htm|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 76. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-saif-ud-daulla.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Saif-ud-Daulla|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=16 May 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421183156/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-saif-ud-daulla.htm|archivedate=21 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 77. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZL38wll43-MC&pg=PA224&lpg=PA224&dq=Mubarak+ud-Daulah#v=onepage&q=Mubarak%2520ud-Daulah&f=false|title=The Transition in Bengal, 1756-75: A Study of Saiyid Muhammad Reza Khan|last=Khan|first=Abdul Majed|date=3 December 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521049825|language=en}} 78. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-babar-ali.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Babar Ali Delair Jang|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021203935/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-babar-ali.htm|archivedate=21 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 79. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-ali-jah.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Ali Jah|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406052017/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-ali-jah.htm|archivedate=6 April 2016|df=dmy-all}} 80. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rcQ5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA54-IA3&lpg=PA54-IA3&dq=Ali+Jah+Murshidabad#v=onepage&q=Ali%20Jah%20Murshidabad&f=false|title=The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad|last=Majumdar|first=Purna Chundra|date=1905|publisher=Saroda Ray|isbn=|location=|pages=49|language=en|via=}} 81. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-wala-jah.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Wala Jah|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021204215/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-wala-jah.htm|archivedate=21 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 82. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4GkBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA75#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Indian Records: With a Commercial View of the Relations Between the British Government and the Nawabs Nazim of Bengal, Behar and Orissa|last=|first=|date=1870|publisher=G. Bubb|isbn=|location=|pages=75|language=en|via=}} 83. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Humayun Jah|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610063712/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-humayun-jah.htm|archivedate=10 June 2016|df=dmy-all}} 84. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rcQ5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA54-IA4&dq=Humayun+Jah#v=onepage&q=Humayun%20Jah&f=false|title=The Musnud of Murshidabad (1704-1904): being a synopsis of the history of Murshidabad for the last two centuries, to which are appended notes of places and objects of interest at Murshidabad|last=Majumdar|first=Purna Chundra|date=1905|publisher=Saroda Ray|isbn=|location=|pages=50|language=en|via=}} 85. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=12IPDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT570&dq=Humayun+Jah#v=onepage&q=Humayun%20Jah&f=false|title=Towns and Cities of Medieval India: A Brief Survey|last=Ray|first=Aniruddha|date=13 September 2016|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781351997300|language=en}} 86. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Feradun Jah|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322124502/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-feradun-jah.htm|archivedate=22 March 2017|df=dmy-all}} 87. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.royalark.net/India4/murshid16.htm|title=MURSHID16|website=www.royalark.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002101826/http://www.royalark.net/India4/murshid16.htm|archivedate=2 October 2016|df=dmy-all}} 88. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Hassan Ali|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901085703/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-hassan-ali.htm|archivedate=1 September 2016|df=dmy-all}} 89. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=A39FAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA118&dq=Amir+ul-Omrah#v=onepage&q=Amir%20ul-Omrah&f=false|title=Papers Presented to the House of Commons Concerning the Late Nabob of the Carnatic|last=Company|first=East India|date=1807|publisher=|isbn=|location=|pages=118|language=en|via=}} 90. ^{{Cite web|url=http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm|title=Murshidabad History - Waresh Ali|last=Paul|first=Gautam|website=murshidabad.net|access-date=9 October 2016|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322124629/http://murshidabad.net/history/history-topic-waresh-ali.htm|archivedate=22 March 2017|df=dmy-all}} 91. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Murshidabad-gets-a-Nawab-again-but-fight-for-assets-ahead/articleshow/40434802.cms |title = Murshidabad gets a Nawab again, but fight for assets ahead |work = The Times of India |date = 20 August 2014 |accessdate = 14 June 2015 |author = Mahato, Sukumar |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150426161645/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Murshidabad-gets-a-Nawab-again-but-fight-for-assets-ahead/articleshow/40434802.cms |archivedate = 26 April 2015 |df = dmy-all}} 92. ^1 2 3 {{cite news |url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |title = Portrait of an accidental Nawab |work = The Times of India |date = 22 August 2014 |accessdate = 14 June 2015 |deadurl = no |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140823192242/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/Portrait-of-an-accidental-Nawab/articleshow/40618038.cms |archivedate = 23 August 2014 |df = dmy-all}} External links{{Wikiquote}}
7 : Nawabs of Bengal|History of Bengal|History of West Bengal|Rulers of Bengal|Murshidabad district|States and territories disestablished in the 1760s|1717 establishments in Asia |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。