| 词条 | Werner Braune |
| 释义 |
| name = Karl Rudolf Werner Braune | image_name = Braune Werner.jpg | image_size = 160px | image_caption = | birth_date = 11 April 1909 | birth_place = Mehrstedt, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt, German Empire | death_date = 7 June 1951 (aged 42)[1] | death_place = Landsberg Prison, Landsberg am Lech, West Germany | cause = | alias = | motive = | charge = | conviction = Crimes against humanity | conviction_penalty = Death by hanging | conviction_status = | occupation = Nazi official | spouse = Margot Braune[2] | parents = | children = }} Karl Rudolf Werner Braune[2] (11 April 1909 − 7 June 1951) was a German SS functionary during the Nazi era and a Holocaust perpetrator. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union of 1941, Braune was the commander of Einsatzkommando 11b, part of Einsatzgruppe D. Braune organized and conducted mass murders of Jews in the Army Group South Rear Area, the Reichskommissariat Ukraine (southern Ukraine and in the Crimea). For his role in these crimes, Braune was tried before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal in 1948 in the Einsatzgruppen trial. He was convicted, sentenced to death and executed in 1951. Early lifeBraune attended a type of German school known as a Gymnasium and graduated in 1929 with a diploma known as an abitur.[3] He then studied jurisprudence at the universities of Jena, Bonn, and Munich. He graduated in 1933 with a degree in civil law from the University of Jena.[4] On 1 July 1931, at the age of 22, and while still a student, Braune joined the Nazi Party and was assigned membership number 581,277.[5] Nazi careerIn November 1931, Braune became a member of the Nazi paramilitary organization known as the Sturmabteilung (SA), sometimes called "stormtroopers" in English. In November 1934, he joined the SS and was assigned membership number 107,364. At the same time in 1934 Braune began working for the Nazi Security Service known as the Sicherheitsdienst (SD). In 1936, Braune was also working for the secret police organization, the Gestapo.[6] In 1938 he became acting Gestapo leader in Münster. In 1940, he became a Gestapo chief, first in Koblenz, next in the state police office in Wesermünde and then, in May 1941, in Halle.[8] Einsatzgruppe commanderFrom October 1941 to the beginning of September 1942, Braune was the commander of Special Detachment 11b, part of Einsatzgruppen D, which was under the command of Otto Ohlendorf, who later would be executed as a war criminal. Werner Braune's younger brother {{illm|Fritz Braune|de|Fritz Braune}} (18 July 1910- after 1973) was the commander of Special Detachment 4b. Under the command of Werner Braune, Special Detachment 11b carried out the massacre of Simferopol, in the Crimea, where in the course of three days from 11 to 13 December 1941 they murdered 14,300 Jews. In September 1942 Braune returned to Halle. In 1943 he was promoted to the rank of SS-Obersturmbannführer (lieutenant colonel). From 1943 through 1944, he was the leader of the German Foreign Service Academy, until, in 1945, he was sent to Norway as the commander of the Security Police (Sicherheitspolizei; SiPo) and SD.[7] Trial and convictionFollowing the end of the war, Braune was indicted as a war criminal in the Einsatzgruppen trial that was held before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal. Braune's only defense was that he was acting under superior orders, sometimes referred to as the "Nuremberg defense". This was rejected by the court: {{quote|In October 1941 he was assigned to Einsatzkommando 11b. As chief of this unit Braune knew of the Fuehrer Order and executed it to the hilt. His defense is the general one of superior orders which avails Braune no more than it does anyone else who executes a criminal order with the zeal that Braune brought to the Fuehrer Order. Various reports implicate Braune and his Kommando in the sordid business of illegal killings.The Tribunal has already spoken of the Christmas massacre of Simferopol. Braune was the leader in charge of this operation. He has admitted responsibility for this murder in unequivocal language.[8]}} On 10 April 1948 Braune was sentenced to death and shortly after midnight on 7 June 1951 he was executed by hanging at the Landsberg war criminals prison.[1] Also hanged on 7 June 1951 at Landsberg prison were six other Nazi war criminals including Otto Ohlendorf, Erich Naumann, Paul Blobel and Oswald Pohl.[1][9] Notes1. ^1 2 "Five death sentences were confirmed: the sentence against Oswald Pohl, as well as those passed against the leaders of the Mobile Killing Units, Paul Blobel, Werner Braune, Erich Neumann, and Otto Ohrlendorf. . . . In the early morning hours of 7 June, the [] Nazi criminals were hanged in the Landesburg prison courtyard." Norbert Frei, Adenauer's Germany and the Nazi Past: The Politics of Amnesty and Integration. Columbia University Press, 2002. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bxl-NoWVYp0C&pg=PA370&dq=landsberg+prison+executions+1951&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pfvjUJOeF8irrAfg2IDQCQ&redir_esc=y#v=snippet&q=%22Paul%20Blobel%22&f=false p. 165] and [https://books.google.com/books?id=Bxl-NoWVYp0C&pg=PA370&dq=landsberg+prison+executions+1951&hl=en&sa=X&ei=pfvjUJOeF8irrAfg2IDQCQ&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22early%20hours%20of%207%20June%22&f=false p. 173] 2. ^{{cite book|title=Trials of war criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council law no. 10, Volume 4|location=Nuremberg|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/pdf/NT_war-criminals_Vol-IV.pdf|publisher=United States Government Printing Office|page=214}} 3. ^Earl: The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2009, page 121 - "Table 3 - Education of the Defendants". 4. ^Braune, Werner, Gibt es eine Zwangsvollstreckung aus Verurteilungen zur Abgabe einer Willenserklärung?. Osnabrück 1934. (Dissertationsschrift von 1932 an der Universität Jena.) 5. ^Earl: The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial. Cambridge 2009, S. 126 - "Table 4 - Joining Date of Defendants", page 126. 6. ^Earl: The Nuremberg SS-Einsatzgruppen Trial. Cambridge 2009, page 129, - "Table 5 - Joining Date of the SA, SS, SD and Gestapo". 7. ^1 Klee, Ernst, Das Personenlexikon zum Dritten Reich. Wer war was vor und nach 1945. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Zweite aktualisierte Auflage, Frankfurt am Main 2005, page 72. 8. ^Nuremberg Military Tribunal, United States of America vs. Otto Ohlendorf, et. al. ("Einsatzgruppen trial"), Judgment, at pages 545-47. 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|journal= Der Spiegel|issue=24|volume=13|date=June 1951|pages=12|title=Mr. Brit ist eingetroffen}} References
14 : 1909 births|1951 deaths|People from Schlotheim|People from Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt|Nazi Party members|SS-Obersturmbannführer|Gestapo personnel|Einsatzgruppen personnel|Holocaust perpetrators in Russia|Holocaust perpetrators in Ukraine|German people convicted of crimes against humanity|Executed people from Thuringia|People executed for crimes against humanity|Executions by the United States Nuremberg Military Tribunals |
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