“West Rapti River”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

West Rapti drains Rapti Zone in Mid-Western Region, Nepal, then Awadh and Purvanchal regions of Uttar Pradesh state, India before joining the Ghaghara -- a major left bank tributary of the Ganges known as the Karnali inside Nepal.

The West Rapti is notable for janajati ethnic groups – Kham Magar among its highland sources and then Tharu in Inner Terai Deukhuri Valley, for its irrigation and hydroelectric potential, and for recurrent floods that led to its nickname "Gorakhpur's Sorrow".

Geography

The Rapti rises south of a prominent E-W ridgeline midway between the western Dhaulagiri Himalaya and the Mahabharat Range. A {{convert|3500|m}} summit on this ridgeline marks a triple divide. North of the triple divide the Karnali and Gandaki basins are adjacent; south of it the Rapti and similar but smaller Babai River ({{lang-ne|बबई नदी}}; {{lang|ne-Latn|Babaī Nadī}}) separate the two larger basins. After crossing into India, the Babai and Rapti separately join the Karnali's continuation called Ghaghara. The Ghaghara ultimately joins the Ganges.

Sources and course

The Rapti's headwaters descend south from rugged highlands populated by Kham Magar. The western tributary Mādī Kholā ({{lang-ne|माडी खोला}}) rises in northwestern Rolpa and is joined by Lungrī Kholā ({{lang-ne|लुङग्री खोला}}) draining northeastern Rolpa. The Mardi then crosses into Pyuthan. It is joined by east-flowing Arun Kholā ({{lang-ne|अरुण खोला}}) at Devithān ({{lang-ne|देवीथान}}) where it enters a gorge through the Mahabharat Range.

Jhimruk Kholā ({{lang-ne|झिमरुक खोला}}) -- east of the Mardi—mainly drains Pyuthan. Below the upper highlands, an alluvial valley opens where Bahun and Chhetri rice farmers irrigate paddy fields. At Cherneta, Pyuthan the Jhimruk approaches within 1.5 km of the Mardi and a 12 megawatt hydroelectric plant exploits the Jhimruk being 200 meters higher.

Below Cherneta the Jhimruk loops east, becoming the border between Pyuthan and Arghakhanchi District. Its valley narrows and steepens as it enters the Mahabharat Range. Partway through it joins the Mardi and the combined flow is then named the Rapti. The main river emerges from its gorge into the lower Siwalik Hills and Dang District. At Bhalubang Bazaar Nepal's east-west Mahendra Highway bridges the river.

Below Bhalubang, Inner Terai Deukhuri Valley opens between the Dang and Dudhwa Ranges, both subranges of the Siwaliks. Valley, following the WNW trend of the Siwalik hills for 100 km. Although the land is fertile, before DDT came into use in the 1950s Deukhuri was so malarial that only the Tharu people who had genetic resistance could be confident of surviving the warmer months.

The river crosses from Dang into Banke District. Approaching Nepalganj—largest town in Nepal's western Terai—the Dudhwa Hills fall away and the river turns SE, crossing into Uttar Pradesh, India and flowing through districts Shravasti, Siddharth Nagar, Basti, Sant Kabir Nagar and Gorakhpur, passing Gorakhpur city at about 135 air miles (215 km) from Nepal.

Just west of the city it is joined by the smaller Rohini rising further east in Nepal's Nawalparasi and Rupandehi Districts, draining 794 km² in Nepal then 1892 km² in India. 60 km beyond Gorakhpur the Rapti joins the Ghaghara (Karnali) at Rajpur. About 120 km further on at Chhapra, the Ghaghara reaches the Ganges.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Ancient river

The ancient city of Sravasti, once capital of Kosala Kingdom, stood on the western bank of the Achirvati. The river was a tributary of the Sarayu. It was one of the five great rivers that constituted the Ganges group of rivers and one of the sacred rivers of the Buddhist midland.^[7]^[8]

History

Development

The Rapti's flow has great seasonal variation because the river lacks sources in high elevation glaciers and snowfields to buffer pre-monsoon drought. Average monthly flows at Jalkundi (27°58'N, 82°14'E) in Deukhuri Valley vary from 17.6 m³/s in pre-monsoon April to 451 m³/s at the peak of the monsoon in August. Maximum recorded flood was 7,390 m³/s on 10 September 1981. 100-year flood flows are predicted at 10,100 m³/s. Over {{convert|700000|acres}} in Uttar Pradesh are at risk of floods every year.

Flood control projects under study include a dam at Jalkundi that would inundate {{convert|71000|acres}} of farmland in Deukhuri Valley. An alternative dam site is upstream at Naumure on the Pyuthan-Dang district border (27°53'N, 82°48'E). This would be an earthen dam 169 m high with 351 million cubic meters live storage capacity, storing excess monsoon flows for irrigation use during the following dry season and generating up to 207 megawatts. Impoundment would mainly be in gorges through the Mahabharat Range, inundating less farmland than the Jalkundi alternative. Plans are also underway for three irrigation sub-projects – Kapilvastu District {{convert|30500|ha}} involving interbasin water transfer to the southeast, Deukhuri Valley {{convert|9500|ha}}, and Banke District {{convert|40000|ha}}.^[9]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.india9.com/i9show/Rapti-River-40183.htm | title = Rapti River | work = | first= | lāast= | publisher =india9 |accessdate = 2010-05-28}}
2. ^{{cite web|url = http://basti.nic.in/basti_nic2/knowchd_general.htm | title =Basti | work = | first= | last= | publisher = Basti district administration |accessdate = 2010-05-30}}
3. ^{{cite web|url = http://sknagar.nic.in/profile.htm| title =Sant Kabir Nagar district | work = | first= | last= | publisher = Sant Kabir Nagar district administration |accessdate = 2010-05-30}}
4. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=5YtUShKY8zcC&pg=PA115&lpg=PA115&dq=rapti+river+Himalayan+Rivers&source=bl&ots=_HeiR1zwa3&sig=DIbi82_CU1NuTtwc0SrGlFI9Jk4&hl=en&ei=pTz_S6XiC4GmrQf_yrn-Dg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCAQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=rapti%20river%20Himalayan%20Rivers&f=false | title =Himalayan rivers, glaciers and lakes | work = p. 115 | first= Sharad Sing | last= Negi | publisher = Google books |accessdate = 2010-05-28}}
5. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=Aciravati&source=bl&ots=Cz895bNylA&sig=IWOBCViVlpAFRBjLEvOSWWXyydU&hl=en&ei=UoNsTITBNMSecf7arYYB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Aciravati&f=false | title =Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography | first= Subodh | last= Kapoor |work = p. 5 |publisher = Google books |accessdate = 2010-08-18 }}
6. ^{{cite journal | last = Hoey | first = William. | year = 1907 | title = The Five Rivers of the Buddhists| url = http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/hoey.htm | journal = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | pages = 41–46 | accessdate = 2011-03-10}}
7. ^¹² {{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=43Fzt-G_-XYC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=Aciravati&source=bl&ots=Cz895bNylA&sig=IWOBCViVlpAFRBjLEvOSWWXyydU&hl=en&ei=UoNsTITBNMSecf7arYYB&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Aciravati&f=false | title =Encyclopaedia of Ancient Indian Geography | first= Subodh | last= Kapoor |work = p. 5 |publisher = Google books |accessdate = 2010-08-18 }}
8. ^{{cite web|url = http://ccbs.ntu.edu.tw/FULLTEXT/JR-ENG/hoey.htm | title = The Five Rivers of the Buddhists | first= | last= W. Hoey |work = |publisher = Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1907, pp. 41-46 |accessdate = 2010-08-18 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=cgYwDW13ILoC&pg=PA285&lpg=PA285&dq=Rapti+river&source=bl&ots=bRsSlrtEhG&sig=gPSsuY0WUWH4L3vkdc9puJKGJeg&hl=en&ei=aWL_S_LjIpK3rAfI0sWEDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=7&ved=0CDUQ6AEwBjgy#v=onepage&q=Rapti%20river&f=false | title = The Nepal-India Water Relationship: Challenges | work = p. 93, p. 389 | first= | last= Dwarika N. Dhungel, Santa B. Pun | publisher = Google books |accessdate = 2010-05-28}}