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词条 Near-close front unrounded vowel
释义

  1. Features

  2. Occurrence

  3. Notes

  4. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɪ
|ipa number=319
|decimal=618
|xsampa=I
|kirshenbaum=I
|imagefile=Near-close near-front unrounded vowel (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=st
}}

The near-close front unrounded vowel, or near-high front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}, i.e. a small capital letter i. The International Phonetic Association advises serifs on the symbol's ends.[2] Some sans-serif fonts do meet this typographic specification.[3]

Prior to 1989, there was an alternate symbol for this sound: {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɩ}}}}, the use of which is no longer sanctioned by the IPA.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=167}} Despite that, some modern writings[4] still use it.

Handbook of the International Phonetic Association defines {{IPA|[ɪ]}} as a mid-centralized (lowered and centralized) close front unrounded vowel (transcribed {{IPA|[i̽]}} or {{IPA|[ï̞]}}), and the current official IPA name of the vowel transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} is near-close near-front unrounded vowel.{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|pp=13, 168, 180}} However, some languages have the close-mid near-front unrounded vowel, a vowel that is somewhat lower than the canonical value of {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, though it still fits the definition of a mid-centralized {{IPAblink|i}}. It occurs in some dialects of English (such as Californian, General American and modern Received Pronunciation){{sfnp|Ladefoged|1999|p=42}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=486}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=90}} as well as some other languages (such as Icelandic),{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}[5] and it can be transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ̞}}}} (a lowered {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}) in narrow transcription. Certain sources[6] may even use {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} for the close-mid front unrounded vowel, but that is rare. For the close-mid (near-)front unrounded vowel that is not usually transcribed with the symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} (or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}), see close-mid front unrounded vowel.

In some other languages (such as Danish, Luxembourgish and Sotho){{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} there is a fully front near-close unrounded vowel (a sound between cardinal {{IPAblink|i}} and {{IPAblink|e}}), which can be transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ̟}}}}, {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i̞}}}} or {{angle bracket|{{IPA|e̝}}}}.

Sometimes, especially in broad transcription, this vowel is transcribed with a simpler symbol {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}, which technically represents the close front unrounded vowel.

Features

{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}{{near-close vowel}}{{front vowel}}{{unrounded vowel}}{{clear}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Afrikaans Lass|1987|p=119}}af|meter}}[ˈmɪ̞ˑtɐr]}} 'meter' /ɪə/}} in less stressed words and in stressed syllables of polysyllabic words. In the latter case, it is in free variation with the diphthongal realization {{IPA|[ɪə̯ ~ ɪ̯ə ~ ɪə]}}.{{sfnp|Lass|1987|p=119}} See Afrikaans phonology
ArabicAyyad|2011|p=?}}ar|بِنْت|rtl=yes}}[bɪnt]}} 'girl' Corresponds to {{IPA|/i/}} in Classical Arabic.{{sfnp|Ayyad|2011|p=?}}{{sfnp|Khattab|2007|p=?}} See Arabic phonology
Khattab|2007|p=?}}ar|لبنان|rtl=yes}}[lɪbnɛːn]}} 'Lebanon'
Burmese{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}} မျီ [mjɪʔ]}} 'root' /i/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}}
Chickasaw{{sfnp|Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2001|p=288}}[pi̞sɜ]}} 'she looks
at him' 		Gordon|Munro|Ladefoged|2001|p=288}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Chinese Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}}wuu|一}} / ih[ɪ̞ʔ˥]}} 'one' /ɛ/}} ({{IPAblink|e|e̠}}), which appears only in open syllables.{{sfnp|Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}}
Cipu McGill|2014|pp=308–309}}awc|n-upití}}[n ù pì̞tí̞]}} 'while he stepped' McGill|2014|pp=308–309}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Czech Dankovičová|1999|p=72}}cs|byli}}[ˈbɪlɪ]}} 'they were' [ɪ]}}{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}} and close-mid front {{IPA|[ɪ̟˕]}}.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|pp=228–229}} It corresponds to close front {{IPAblink|i}} in Moravian Czech.{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|pp=228–229}} See Czech phonology
Danish Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}}da|hel}}[ˈhe̝ːˀl]}} 'whole' Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}} It is typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA link|eː}}}} - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|Johnson|2010|p=227}} The Danish vowel transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|ɪ}}}} is pronounced similarly to the short {{IPA|/e/}}.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} See Danish phonology
Dutch Collins|Mees|2003|p=128}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}}nl|blik}}Nl-blik.ogg|[blɪk]|help=no}} 'glance' [ɪ]}},{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=128}}{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} but the Standard Belgian realization has also been described as close-mid {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}}.{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2005|p=245}} Some regional dialects have a vowel that is slightly closer to the cardinal {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=131}} See Dutch phonology
EnglishLadefoged|1999|p=42}}bit{{Audio-IPA|en-us-bit.ogg|[bɪ̞t]|help=no}}'bit'Close-mid.{{sfnp|Ladefoged|1999|p=42}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=486}} See English phonology
Wells|1982|p=486}}
Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}}{{IPA|[bɪʔt]}}[ɪ̟]}}, near-front {{IPA|[ɪ]}} or close-mid {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}}, with other realizations also being possible.{{sfnp|Altendorf|Watt|2004|p=188}}
Lodge|2009|p=168}}
Collins|Mees|2003|p=90}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=291}}[ɪ̞]}} for younger speakers, near-close {{IPA|[ɪ]}} for older speakers.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=90}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=291}}
Clark|2004|p=137}}[ɪ]}} and close-mid {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}}; can be close {{IPAblink|i}} instead.{{sfnp|Clark|2004|p=137}}
Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}}[bɪ̟t]}}Cox|Fletcher|2017|p=65}} also described as close {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}} See Australian English phonology
Gordon|2004|pp=294, 296}}{{IPA|[bɪt]}}[ɪ]}}, near-close central {{IPAblink|ɪ̈}}, close-mid near-front {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}} and close-mid central {{IPAblink|ɘ}}.{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|pp=294, 296}}
Gordon|2004|p=290}}[ɪ]}} and close-mid {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}}.{{sfnp|Gordon|2004|p=290}}
Lodge|2009|p=163}}
Tench|1990|p=135}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=93}}[ɪ]}} in Abercrave and Port Talbot, close-mid {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}} in Cardiff.{{sfnp|Tench|1990|p=135}}{{sfnp|Connolly|1990|p=125}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|1990|p=93}}
Wells|1982|pp=421–422}}[bɪθ̠]}}[ɪ]}}; can be fully front {{IPA|[ɪ̟]}} in some Dublin accents.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=422}}
Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}}bed{{IPA|[be̝d]}}'bed'[e̝]}}, near-close near-front {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, close-mid front {{IPAblink|e}} and close-mid near-front {{IPAblink|e|e̠}}.{{sfnp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}} It is typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|e}}}}. In the cultivated variety, it is mid {{IPAblink|e̞}}.{{sfnp|Gordon|Maclagan|2004|p=609}} See New Zealand English phonology
Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=65, 67}}e}} in General Australian, may be even lower for some other speakers.{{sfnp|Cox|Fletcher|2017|pp=65, 67}} See Australian English phonology
Bowerman|2004|pp=936–937}}ɛ}}, whereas in the General variety, it can be close-mid {{IPAblink|e}} instead.{{sfnp|Bowerman|2004|pp=936–937}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|e}}}}. See South African English phonology
Faroese{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 75}}fo|lint}}[lɪn̥t]}} 'soft' See Faroese phonology
French Walker|1984|pp=51–60}}fr|petite}}[pət͡sɪt]}} 'small' /i/}} in closed syllables.{{sfnp|Walker|1984|pp=51–60}} See Quebec French phonology
Galician{{sfnp|Regueira|2010|pp=13–14}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|p=112}}gl|onte}}[ˈɔn̪t̪ɪ]}} 'yesterday' /i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}.{{sfnp|Regueira|2010|pp=13–14}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|p=112}} See Galician phonology
Gayo{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}gay|tingkep}}[tɪŋˈkəp]}} 'window' /i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}; in both cases the backness varies between fully front and near-front.{{sfnp|Eades|Hajek|2006|p=111}}
German Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 64}}de|bitte}}De-bitte.ogg|[ˈb̥ɪ̞tə]|help=no}} 'please' i}}.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 64}} See Standard German phonology
Hindustani{{sfnp|Ohala|1999|p=102}}hi|इरादा}}/{{lang|ur|ارادہ|rtl=yes}}[ɪˈɾäːd̪ä]}} 'intention' See Hindustani phonology
Hungarian{{sfnp|Szende|1994|p=92}}hu|visz}}[vɪs]}} 'to carry' {{IPA|i}}}}. See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|p=60}}[5]is|vinur}}[ˈʋɪ̞ːnʏ̞ɾ]}} 'friend' Árnason|2011|p=60}}[5] See Icelandic phonology
Kaingang{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} firi [ɸɪˈɾi]}} 'rattlesnake' /i/}} and {{IPA|/e/}}.{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
Latin Wheelock's Latin|1956}}la|nix}}[nɪks]}} 'snow'
LimburgishGussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}li|hin}}[ɦɪ̞n]}} 'chicken' [ɪ]}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}} or close-mid {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}},{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|pp=158–159}} depending on the dialect. The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect.
Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=?}}li|zeen}}[zɪːn]}} 'to be' /eə/}} before nasals.{{sfnp|Heijmans|Gussenhoven|1998|p=?}}
Low German{{sfnp|Prehn|2012|p=157}}nds|licht}}[lɪçt]}} '(he) lies'
Luxembourgish{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}lb|Been}}[be̝ːn]}} 'leg' Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} Typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|eː}}}}. See Luxembourgish phonology
Maltese{{sfnp|Borg|1997|p=?}}mt| Ikel}}[ɪkɛl]}} 'food'
Mongolian{{sfnp|Iivonen|Harnud|2005|pp=62, 66–67}}mn-Cyrl|хир}}[xɪɾɘ̆]}} 'hillside'
Northern Paiute Babel|Houser|Toosarvandani|2012|p=240}}pao|üdütü}}[ɪdɪtɪ]}} 'hot' {{IPA|ɨ}}}}.
Norwegian{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13-14}}no|litt}}[lɪ̟tː]}} 'a little' [ɪ̟]}}{{sfnp|Vanvik|1979|pp=13-14}} and close front {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Kvifte|Gude-Husken|2005|p=2}} See Norwegian phonology
Portuguese Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}}pt|cine}}[ˈsinɪ]}} 'cine' /e/}} (can be epenthetic), {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/i/}}. Can be voiceless. See Portuguese phonology
Ripuarian{{sfnp|Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=16}} rikke [ˈʀɪ̞kə]}} 'to reach' Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer|1997|p=16}}
Romanian Pop|1938|p=30}}ro|râu}}[rɪw]}} 'river' ɨ}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=37}}{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}}ru|дерево}}Ru-дерево.ogg|[ˈdʲerʲɪvə]|help=no}} 'tree' Jones|Ward|1969|p=37}}{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}} See Russian phonology
Sandawe{{sfnp|Eaton|2006|p=237}}sad|dtine}}[tì̞né]}} 'trap' Eaton|2006|p=237}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Saterland Frisian{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}stq|Dee}}[de̝ː]}} 'dough' /eː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. Near-close front {{IPA|[e̝ː]}} in the former case, close-mid near-front {{IPA|[ɪ̞]}} in the latter. Phonetically, the latter is nearly identical to {{IPA|/ɛː/}} ({{IPAblink|e|e̠ː}}).{{sfnp|Peters|2017|p=?}}
Scots Gregg|1953}}sco|spuin}}[spɪn]}} 'spoon' {{IPA|ɪ̈}}}}.
Sema{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}nsm|pi}}[pì̞]}} 'to say' Teo|2012|p=368}} also described as close {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=27}}
Shiwiar{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}date=July 2015}}/i/}}.{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}}
Sinhalese{{sfnp|Perera|Jones|1919|pp=5, 9}}date=June 2017}}[ˈpi̞ɾi̞mi̞]}} 'male' Perera|Jones|1919|pp=5, 9}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Slovak{{sfnp|Pavlík|2004|pp=93, 95}}{{sfnp|Hanulíková|Hamann|2010|p=375}}sk|rýchly}}[ˈri̞ːxli̞]}} 'fast' Pavlík|2004|pp=93, 95}} See Slovak phonology
Slovene Jurgec|2007|p=3}}sl|mira}}[ˈmɪ̀ːɾä]}} 'myrrh' /i/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}.{{sfnp|Jurgec|2007|p=3}} See Slovene phonology
Sotho{{sfnp|Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}}st|ho leka}}[hʊ̠lɪ̟kʼɑ̈]}} 'to attempt' Doke|Mofokeng|1974|p=?}} See Sotho phonology
SpanishZamora Vicente|1967|p=?}}{{lang|es|mis}}{{IPA|[mɪ̟ː]}}'my' (pl.)Fully front. It corresponds to {{IPAblink|i}} in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology
Zamora Vicente|1967|p=?}}
Swedish Engstrand|1999|p=140}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}}sv|sill}}sv-sill.ogg|[s̪ɪ̟l̪ː]|help=no}} 'herring' [ɪ̟˕]}},{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} near-close front {{IPA|[ɪ̟]}}{{sfnp|Rosenqvist|2007|p=9}} and close front {{IPAblink|i}}.{{sfnp|Dahlstedt|1967|p=16}} See Swedish phonology
Tamambo{{sfnp|Riehl|Jauncey|2005|p=257}}mla|cili}}[xi̞li̞]}} 'to tickle' Riehl|Jauncey|2005|p=257}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Temne{{sfnp|Kanu|Tucker|2010|p=249}}tem|pim}}[pí̞m]}} 'pick' Kanu|Tucker|2010|p=249}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Tera{{sfnp|Tench|2007|p=230}}ttr|pili}}[pí̞lí̞]}} 'table mat' Tench|2007|p=230}} typically transcribed in IPA with {{angle bracket|{{IPA|i}}}}.
Turkish{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}tr|müşteri}}[my̠ʃt̪e̞ˈɾɪ]}} 'customer' /i/}} described variously as "word-final"{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}} and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".{{sfnp|Zimmer|Organ|1999|p=155}} See Turkish phonology
Ukrainian[7]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}}uk|ходити}}[xoˈdɪtɪ]}} 'to walk' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=34}}hsb|być}}[bɪt͡ʃ]}} 'to be' /i/}} after hard consonants.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=34}} See Upper Sorbian phonology
West FrisianTiersma|1999|p=10}}{{sfnp|de Haan|2010|pp=332–333}}fy|ik}}[ɪk]}} 'I' See West Frisian phonology
van der Veen|2001|p=102}}fy|beast}}[bɪːst]}} 'beast' /ɪə/}} in Standard West Frisian.
Yoruba{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1969|p=166}}date=November 2015}}{{IPA|ĩ}}}}. It is nasalized, and may be close {{IPAblink|i|ĩ}} instead.{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1969|p=166}}

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=IPA Fonts: General Advice|url=https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-fonts#general|publisher=International Phonetic Association|date=2015|quote=With any font you consider using, it is worth checking that the symbol for the centralized close front vowel ({{big|ɪ}}, U+026A) appears correctly with serifs top and bottom; that the symbol for the dental click (ǀ, U+01C0) is distinct from the lower-case L (l)}}
3. ^Sans-serif fonts with serifed {{big|ɪ}} (despite having serifless capital I) include Arial, FreeSans and Lucida Sans.
On the other hand, Segoe and Tahoma place serifs on {{big|ɪ}} as well as capital I.
Finally, both are serifless in Calibri.
4. ^Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Árnason|2011}}
5. ^1 2 {{Harvcoltxt|Einarsson|1945|p=10}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Gussmann|2011|p=73}}
6. ^Such as {{Harvcoltxt|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012}}.
7. ^Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14

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  • {{citation

|last=Zimmer
|first=Karl
|last2=Orgun
|first2=Orhan
|year=1999
|chapter=Turkish
|title=Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet
|place=Cambridge
|publisher=Cambridge University Press
|isbn=0-521-65236-7
|pages=154–158
|chapter-url=http://www.uta.edu/faculty/cmfitz/swnal/projects/CoLang/courses/Transcription/rosettaproject_tur_phon-2.pdf
}}{{refend}}{{IPA navigation}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Near-Close Front Unrounded Vowel}}

3 : Near-close vowels|Front vowels|Unrounded vowels
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