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词条 Near-open central vowel
释义

  1. Near-open central unrounded vowel

      Features    Occurrence  

  2. Near-open central rounded vowel

      Features    Occurrence  

  3. See also

  4. Notes

  5. References

{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɐ
|ipa number=324
|decimal=592
|x-sampa=6
|kirshenbaum=&"
|imagefile=Near-open central unrounded vowel
|imagesize=150px
|braille=256
|braille2=a
}}{{IPA vowels|class=floatright}}

The near-open central vowel, or near-low central vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is {{angbr|{{IPA|ɐ}}}}, a rotated lowercase letter a.

In English this vowel is most typically transcribed with the symbol {{angbr|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}, i.e. as if it were open-mid back. That pronunciation is still found in some dialects, but most speakers use a central vowel like {{IPA|[ɐ]}}.

While the IPA does not specify the rounding of {{IPA|[ɐ]}},{{sfnp|International Phonetic Association|1999|p=166}} its rounded variant has been reported to occur as a phoneme only in Sabiny, which contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[2][3]

In certain languages (e.g. Bulgarian, Cantonese and Portuguese), the symbol {{angbr|{{IPA|ɐ}}}} is used instead of {{angbr|{{IPA|ɜ}}}} to denote the open-mid central unrounded vowel.{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}}{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}}{{sfnp|Barbosa|Albano|2004|p=229}}

Near-open central unrounded vowel

The near-open central unrounded vowel is the most common type of the near-open central vowel, and is thus typically transcribed simply as {{angbr|{{IPA|ɐ}}}}, which is the convention used in this article. If its unroundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the less rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɐ̜}}}}, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central unrounded vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɜ̞}}}}, by combining the centralized diacritic with the near-open front unrounded vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|æ̈}}}}, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front unrounded vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|a̽}}}}, or with the open back unrounded vowel: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɑ̽}}}}. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols {{angbr|{{IPA|ä̝}}}} and {{angbr|{{IPA|ɑ̝̈}}}}, respectively.

In some languages (such as Bengali, Cantonese or Cypriot Greek){{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}}{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}}{{sfnp|Arvaniti|1999|p=4}} it is the only open vowel, in place of the more common open central unrounded vowel.

Features

{{near-open vowel}}{{central vowel}}{{unrounded vowel}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Bengali{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}}bn|পা}} / pa[pɐ]}} 'leg' {{IPA|a}}}}. See Bengali phonology
Burmese{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|p=293}}bm|မတ်}}[mɐʔ]}} 'vertical' /a/}} in syllables closed by a glottal stop and when nasalized; realized as fully open {{IPAblink|ä}} in open oral syllables.{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}}
Catalan metropolitan area{{sfnp>Rafel|1999|p=14}}{{sfnp|Harrison|1997|pp=2}}ca|emmagatzemar|italic=yes}}[ɐm(ː)ɐɣ̞ɐd͡z̺ɐˈmä]}} 'to store' [ə]}} in other dialects. See Catalan phonology
ChineseZee|1999|p=59}}yue-Hani|沙}} / {{lang|yue-Latn|saa1}}[sɐː˥]}} 'sand' {{IPA|aː}}}}; the Cantonese vowel that is most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr|{{IPA|ɐ}}}} is actually open-mid {{IPAblink|ɐ̝}}.{{sfnp|Zee|1999|p=59}} See Cantonese phonology
Chen|Gussenhoven|2015|p=328}}{{IPA|[kɐʔ˦]}} 'to cut'
Cipu McGill|2014|pp=308–309}}awc|pata!|italic=yes}}[pɐ̀tɐ́]}} 'beg!' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|McGill|2014|pp=308–309}}
Danish Basbøll|2005|p=58}}da|fatter|italic=yes}}[ˈfa̝d̥ɐ]}} 'understands' ɒ|ɒ̜̽}} or {{IPAblink|ɤ̞|ə̠}} instead.{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=58}} See Danish phonology
DutchCollins|Mees|2003|p=130}}{{lang|nl|hart|italic=yes}}{{IPA|[ɦɐrt]}}'hart'Allophone of {{IPA|/ɑ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}; usually realized as a diphthong {{IPA|[ɐə̯]}} instead.{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=130}} See Dutch phonology
Collins|Mees|2003|p=130}}
EnglishCox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}nut{{IPA|[nɐt]}}'nut'{{angbr|{{IPA|ʌ}}}} may be used to transcribe this vowel. In Australia and New Zealand it may be fronted {{IPA|[ɐ̟]}} or somewhat lower {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Cox|Palethorpe|2007|p=344}}{{sfnp|Bauer et al.|2007|p=98}} See English phonology, Australian English phonology and New Zealand English phonology
Ladefoged|1999|p=42}}
Bauer et al.|2007|p=98}}{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009}}
Roca|Johnson|1999|p=186}}
Wells|1982|p=615}}nurse{{IPA|[nɐːs]}}'nurse'Possible realization of the {{sc2|NURSE}} vowel {{IPA|/ɜː/}}.{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=615}}{{sfnp|Wells|1982|p=281}} See South African English phonology
Wells|1982|p=281}}
Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}} stack {{IPA|[stɐ̟k]}} 'stack' æ}} in other dialects, and also {{IPAblink|ɑː}} in some other dialects.
Wells|1982|p=305}}{{sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} stuck 'stuck' a}} instead.
Inland Northern American[4] bet [bɐt]}} 'bet' /ɛ/}} used in some places whose accents have undergone the Northern cities vowel shift.
Filipinofil|tanso|italic=yes}}[tɐnˈsɔ]}} 'bronze'
Galician{{sfnp|Regueira|2010|pp=13–14}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|p=112}}gl|hora|italic=yes}}[ˈɔɾɐ]}} 'hour' /a/}}.{{sfnp|Regueira|2010|pp=13–14}}{{sfnp|Freixeiro Mato|2006|p=112}} See Galician phonology
GermanKrech et al.|2009|p=86}}de|oder|italic=yes}}De-oder.ogg|[ˈoːdɐ]}} 'or' [əɐ̯]}}-type is used instead.{{sfnp|Krech et al.|2009|p=86}} See Standard German phonology
{{sfnp>Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}de|kommen|italic=yes}}[ˈkʰɐmən]}} 'to come' /ɔ/}}; can be back {{IPAblink|ɑ}} instead.{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} See Standard German phonology
GreekArvaniti|2007|p=25}}{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=89}}el|ακακία}} / akakía[ɐkɐˈc̠i.ɐ]}} 'acacia' ä}};{{sfnp|Trudgill|2009|p=81}} most often transcribed in IPA with {{angbr|{{IPA|a}}}}. See Modern Greek phonology
Arvaniti|1999|p=4}}el|πάννα}} / panna[ˈpɐnːɐ]}} 'nappy' {{IPA|a}}}}.
Hausa{{sfnp|Schuh|Yalwa|1999|pp=90–91}}date=February 2017}}/a/}}, which can be as close as {{IPAblink|ə}} and as open as {{IPAblink|ä}}.{{sfnp|Schuh|Yalwa|1999|pp=90–91}}
Hindustani{{sfnp|Ohala|1999|p=102}}hi|दस}}/{{lang|ur|دَس|rtl=yes}}[ˈd̪ɐs]}} 'ten' /ə/}}.{{sfnp|Ohala|1999|p=102}} See Hindustani phonology
Ibibio{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}}{{IPA|[dɐ́]}} 'stand' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|Urua|2004|p=106}}
Kaingang{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}}{{IPA|[ˈᵑɡɐ]}} 'terra' [ɐ]}} and back {{IPAblink|ɑ}}.{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676, 682}}
Korean{{sfnp|Lee|1999|p=121}}ko-Hang|하나}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|hana}}[hɐnɐ]}}'one'{{IPA|a}}}}. See Korean phonology
Mapudungun{{sfnp|Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=92}}arn|karü|italic=yes}}[ˈkɐ̝ʐɘ̝]}} 'green' Sadowsky|Painequeo|Salamanca|Avelino|2013|p=92}}
Mono{{sfnp|Olson|2004|p=235}}mnh|da|italic=yes}}[dɐ]}} 'slap' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|Olson|2004|p=235}}
Northern Paiute Babel|Houser|Toosarvandani|2012|p=240}}pao|pa’a|italic=yes}}[pɐʔɐ]}} 'high' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|Babel|Houser|Toosarvandani|2012|p=240}}
Norwegian Ims|2010|p=14}} baden [ˈbɐːdən]}} 'child'
RomanianPop|1938|p=29}}ro|bărbat}}[bɐrˈbat]}} 'man' ə}} in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology
Russian Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}}ru|голова}}Ru-голова.ogg|[ɡəɫ̪ɐˈvä]}} 'head' ʌ}} in standard Saint Petersburg pronunciation;{{sfnp|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=225}} occurs mostly immediately before stressed syllables. See Russian phonology
Sabiny[5]date=January 2016}} Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[6]
Sandawe{{sfnp|Eaton|2006|p=237}}sad|dtane|italic=yes}}[tɐ́né]}} 'pull' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|Eaton|2006|p=237}}
Sema{{sfnp|Teo|2012|p=368}}nsm|ala|italic=yes}}[ɐ̀lɐ̀]}} 'path' ä}}.{{sfnp|Teo|2014|p=28}}
Shipibo{{sfnp|Valenzuela|Márquez Pinedo|Maddieson|2001|p=282}} kani [ˈkɐni̞]}} 'went' {{IPA|a}}}}.
Slovene Jurgec|2007|p=2}}{{sfnp|Jurgec|2005|pp=9, 12}}sl|brat|italic=yes}}[bɾɐ́t̪]}} 'brother' /a/}} in traditional pronunciation.{{sfnp|Jurgec|2005|pp=9, 12}} See Slovene phonology
Tamambo{{sfnp|Riehl|Jauncey|2005|p=257}}mla|calo|italic=yes}}[xɐlo]}} 'to fence' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|Riehl|Jauncey|2005|p=257}}
Temne{{sfnp|Kanu|Tucker|2010|p=249}}tem|pam|italic=yes}}[pɐ̀m]}} 'contest' {{IPA|a}}}}.{{sfnp|Kanu|Tucker|2010|p=249}}
Ukrainian{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}}uk|слива}} [ˈslɪwɐ] 'plum' See Ukrainian phonology
Upper Sorbian{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=31}}hsb|pjasć|italic=yes}}[ˈpʲɐst͡ʃ]}} 'fist' /a/}} after soft consonants.{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=31}} See Upper Sorbian phonology
Vietnamese{{sfnp|Hoang|1965|p=24}}vi|chếch|italic=yes}}[cɐ̆jk̚]}} 'askance' {{IPA|ə̆}}}}. See Vietnamese phonology
XumiChirkova|Chen|2013|pp=369–370}}{{IPA|[Htsʰɐ]}}{{what|date=January 2019}} 'salt'
Chirkova|Chen|Kocjančič Antolík|2013|p=388}}{{IPA|[Htsɐ]}}{{what|date=January 2019}} 'sinew'
Yine{{sfnp|Urquía Sebastián|Marlett|2008|p=366}}{{IPA|[sɐnɐ]}} 'field' {{IPA|a}}}}.

Near-open central rounded vowel

{{Infobox IPA
|above=Near-open central rounded vowel
|ipa symbol=ɐ̹
|ipa symbol2=ɞ̞
}}

The near-open central rounded vowel is an extremely rare sound, reported to occur as a phoneme only in the Sabiny language.[2]

If its roundedness needs to be specified, it can be done by adding the more rounded diacritic to the near-open central vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɐ̹}}}}, by combining the lowered diacritic with the open-mid central rounded vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɞ̞}}}}, or by combining the mid-centralized diacritic with either the open front rounded vowel symbol: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɶ̽}}}}, or with the open back rounded vowel: {{angbr|{{IPA|ɒ̽}}}}. The last two symbols are equivalent to the more complex symbols {{angbr|{{IPA|ɶ̝̈}}}} and {{angbr|{{IPA|ɒ̝̈}}}}, respectively.

Features

{{near-open vowel}}{{central vowel}}{{rounded vowel}}

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Sabiny[2]date=January 2016}} Contrasts overshort unrounded and overshort rounded near-open central vowels.[3]

See also

  • Turned a
  • Index of phonetics articles

Notes

1. ^{{Vowel terminology}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=UPSID 4)S|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html|accessdate=27 January 2016}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|title=UPSID SEBEI|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html|accessdate=27 January 2016}}
4. ^{{citation|last1=Labov|first1=William|last2=Ash|first2=Sharon|last3=Boberg|first3=Charles|year=1997|title=A National Map of the Regional Dialects of American English|publisher=Department of Linguistics, University of Pennsylvania|url=http://www.ling.upenn.edu/phono_atlas/NationalMap/NationalMap.html|accessdate=March 15, 2013}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=UPSID 4)S|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/S/S0161.html|accessdate=27 January 2016}}
6. ^{{cite web|title=UPSID SEBEI|url=http://menzerath.phonetik.uni-frankfurt.de/L/L4209.html|accessdate=27 January 2016}}

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4 : Near-open vowels|Central vowels|Unrounded vowels|Rounded vowels
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