| 词条 | Weyanoke, Virginia |
| 释义 |
| name = Weyanoke | nrhp_type = | designated_other1 = Virginia Landmarks Register | designated_other1_date = September 21, 1976[1] | designated_other1_number = 018-0029 | designated_other1_num_position = bottom | image = Weyanoke HABS VA1.jpg | caption = Weyanoke plantation house, HABS photo, 1930s | location= Route 619 off Route 5, Charles City, Virginia | coordinates = {{coord|37|17|30|N|77|3|56|W|display=inline,title}} | locmapin = Virginia#USA | built = c. {{Start date|1790}} | architecture = Georgian | added = March 10, 1980 | area = {{convert|1225|acre}} | governing_body = Private | refnum = 80004406[2] }}Weyanoke is an unincorporated community in Charles City County, Virginia, United States. In 1619 the English transported African slaves to the Weyanoke Peninsula. They created the first African community in North America. The Westover Plantation and related archaeological sites were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.[2] The area was named for, and historically inhabited by, the Weanoc (also spelled Weyanoke) Indians, an Algonquian-speaking tribe of the Powhatan Confederacy.[3] The peripatetic tribe moved back and forth between their original home and North Carolina during the years following the Second Anglo-Powhatan War (1644–46) in reaction to pressure from colonists. These movements were extensively documented as part of the later boundary dispute between the colonies of Virginia and North Carolina. This unusual wealth of detailed information has been the subject of much scholarly study. At the heart of the dispute was the intended location of the "Weyanoke River" as mentioned in the Carolina Charter boundaries, as the Weyanoke people had by then lived on several rivers. Each colony produced many witnesses avowing that they had known various local rivers by that name. After 1646 the Weyanoke became partly Anglicised, preferring to build some English-style houses, rather than their traditional yehakans, wherever they moved. The colony assigned them reserve land on the upper Blackwater River in 1650, but they were driven away by other colonists the following year. The English intended to teach the Weyanoke the English concept of property ownership, and believed they were successful. In their subsequent wanderings, the Weyanoke made land purchase or rental contracts with the chiefs of the Iroquoian-speaking Tuscarora and Nottoway tribes to the interior. By the 18th century, they had fully integrated with the Nottoway, and had adapted to speaking their language. The surname "Wineoak" is derived from the historic tribe. On October 30, 1665, Joseph Harwood was granted 422 acres of land on the north side of the James River. This land was known as Weynoke. This tract passed from the Harwood family to the Lewis family when Agnes Harwood married Fielding Lewis. Developed for tobacco culture by slaves, the Weyanoke Plantation includes a formal Georgian style mansion built in the 1790s. The mansion is a two-story frame house sheathed with molded weatherboards and set on a brick foundation. It was built by Fielding Lewis who was named for his uncle Col. Fielding Lewis of Fredericksburg. Some 40 archaeological sites, associated with Native American, African American, and European American activities, have been identified in the 20th and 21st century as part of the historic property. Weyanoke Plantation was passed through marriage to the Douthat family, whose descendants kept ownership through the American Civil War. In June 1864 the Union Army under General Grant crossed from Weyanoke Point to Flowerdew Hundred on the south bank of the James River on a hastily constructed pontoon bridge. The original house was enlarged after 1938. Within the property's boundaries are the archaeological remains of man's continuous occupation of the site, which spans 10,000 years.[4] In 1972 Weyanoke was acquired by Lawrence Lewis, Jr., a descendant of Fielding Lewis. Lewis, a businessman, philanthropist, benefactor of generations of conservative politicians, and founder of Flagler College in St. Augustine, Florida, was an heir to a fortune amassed in oil and railroad investments by Henry Morrison Flagler, who in 1870 founded Standard Oil Co. with John D. Rockefeller. Lewis' fortune was estimated at $120 million in the July 1993 issue of Virginia Business magazine.[5] The Weyanoke Association was formed in Charles City County in 1996 to help mixed-race black and Indian individuals research, understand and celebrate their joint heritages.[6] In the early 20th century, Edward Plecker, the head of vital records for Virginia, followed a racist program by directing offices to reclassify numerous families recorded as Indian as African American. This disrupted the continuity of historical records that Native Americans have depended on to gain federal recognition as tribes. Plecker had a binary idea of race, classifying anyone as white or black, under the one-drop rule and regardless of individuals' cultural identification. References1. ^{{cite web|title=Virginia Landmarks Register|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/register_counties_cities.htm|publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources|accessdate=5 June 2013}} 2. ^1 {{NRISref|version=2010a}} 3. ^"Upper Weyanoke", James River Plantations, National Park Service, accessed 5 Apr 2010 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/registers/Counties/CharlesCity/018-0029_Weyanoke_Plantation_1980_Final_Nomination.pdf |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Weyanoke |author=Calder Loth, Martha McCartney and Nick Luccketti|date=April 1978}} and Accompanying photo 5. ^ 6. ^The Weyanoke Association, Official Website, accessed 2 Apr 2010
Ref: Hereward Records & the JJaily Press, New Dominion, Net'apers, pg, 407; Tyler's Quarterly, Vol. 16, pg.-; William • Mary College Quarterly, Vol. 10, pg, 29). External links
10 : James River plantations|Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia|Archaeological sites on the National Register of Historic Places in Virginia|Unincorporated communities in Virginia|Unincorporated communities in Charles City County, Virginia|National Register of Historic Places in Charles City County, Virginia|African-American historic places|Powhatan Confederacy|Historic American Buildings Survey in Virginia|1790 establishments in Virginia |
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