| 词条 | Wheeler Shale |
| 释义 |
| image = ElrathiakingiUtahWheelerCambrian.jpg | caption = Elrathia kingii, famed trilobite of the Wheeler Shale. | type = Geological formation | period = Cambrian | age = Middle Cambrian ~{{fossil range|507}} | prilithology = Calcareous shale | otherlithology = Mudstone, shaley limestone and limestone | namedfor = House Amphitheater (Geographic feature and type locality) | namedby = Charles Doolittle Walcott | region = House Range and Drum Mountains, Millard Co., west Utah | country = United States | coordinates = {{coord|39.25|N|113.33|W|region:US-UT_type:landmark_source:dewiki}} | unitof = | subunits = | thickness = {{convert|100|-|200|m|ft|abbr=on}} | extent = | area = }}{{CEXNAV}} The Wheeler Shale (named by Charles Walcott) is a Cambrian (c. 507 Ma) fossil locality world famous[1] for prolific agnostid and Elrathia kingii trilobite remains (even though many areas are barren of fossils)[2] and represents a Konzentrat-Lagerstätten. Varied soft bodied organisms are locally preserved, a fauna (including Naraoia, Wiwaxia and Hallucigenia) and preservation style (carbonaceous film) normally associated with the more famous Burgess Shale.[3] As such, the Wheeler Shale also represents a Konservat-Lagerstätten.[4] Together with the Marjum Formation and lower Weeks Formation, the Wheeler Shale forms {{convert|490|to|610|m|ft|abbr=on}} of limestone and shale exposed in one of the thickest, most fossiliferous and best exposed sequences of Middle Cambrian rocks in North America.[5] At the type locality of Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, Millard County, western Utah, the Wheeler Shale consists of a heterogeneous succession of highly calcareous shale, shaley limestone, mudstone and thin, flaggy limestone.[6] The Wheeler Formation (although the Marjum & Weeks Formations are missing) extends into the Drum Mountains, northwest of the House Range where similar fossils and preservation are found.[6] Taphonomy and sedimentology{{further|Burgess Shale type preservation}}. Detailed work recognises a number of ~10 m thick lagerstätten sequences in the formation, each of which formed at a sea-level high stand[6] in deep water.[7] The lagerstätte were deposited by turbidities and mudslides onto an oxygenated sea floor.[6] The productive layers comprise mud and clay particles, with a tiny fraction of wind-blown quartz.[8] StratigraphyThe Wheeler Shale spans the Ptychagnostus atavus[9] and uppermost-Middle Cambrian Bolaspidella trilobite zones (See House Range) for full stratigraphy). Fauna{{anchor|Burgess Shale type fauna}}{{main article|Burgess Shale type fauna}}Incomplete list of the fauna of the Wheeler Shale:[10][11][12][13][14][15][16] (Note: the preservation of hard bodied trilobite remains and soft bodied animals seems to be mutually exclusive within particular horizons.)[4][17] Protista
Arthropoda
Arachnomorpha
Trilobita
Brachiopoda
Chordata
Cnidaria
Mollusca
Echinodermata
Porifera
Priapulida
Unclassified
References1. ^{{citation|last1=Johnson|first1=Kirk |last2=Troll|first2= Ray|year=2007|title=Cruising the fossil freeway: An epoch tale of a scientist and an artist on the ultimate 5,000-Mile paleo road trip|publisher=Fulcrum Publishing |location= Golden, CO. |isbn = 978-1-55591-451-6}} {{Burgess shale type preservation}}{{Cambrian preservational modes}}2. ^{{Citation|journal=Geology|title=Paleoecology of the familiar trilobite Elrathia kingii: An early exaerobic zone inhabitant|author1=Robert R. Gaines|author2=Mary L. Droser|year=2003|url=http://earthsciences.ucr.edu/docs/Gaines&Droser_2003.pdf|format=pdf|volume=31|pages=941–4|doi=10.1130/G19926.1|issue=11|bibcode = 2003Geo....31..941G }} 3. ^{{Citation|journal=Geology|title=Cambrian Burgess Shale–type deposits share a common mode of fossilization|author=Robert R. Gaines |author2=Derek E.G. Briggs |author3=Zhao Yuanlong|year=2008|doi=10.1130/G24961A.1|volume=36|pages=755–758|issue=10|bibcode=2008Geo....36..755G}} 4. ^1 {{Citation | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.07.034 | title = A New Hypothesis for Organic Preservation of Burgess Shale Taxa in the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation, House Range, Utah | year = 2005 | author = Gaines, R | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 220 | pages = 193–205 | last2 = Kennedy | first2 = M | last3 = Droser | first3 = M}} 5. ^{{citation |last1=Robison |first1=R.A. |journal = Journal of Paleontology | year = 1964 | volume = 38 | url = http://jpaleontol.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/38/3/510 | pages = 510–566 | title= Late Middle Cambrian faunas from western Utah |issue=3}} 6. ^1 {{Cite journal| last2 = Allison| first1 = C. E.| first2 = P. A.| last3 = Desantis| last4 = Liddell| last5 = Kramer | first3 = M. K.| first4 = W. D.| first5 = A.| title = Sequence stratigraphy, cyclic facies, and lagerstätten in the Middle Cambrian Wheeler and Marjum Formations, Great Basin, Utah| journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology| volume = 277| pages = 9–33| year = 2009| last1 = Brett| doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.010 }} 7. ^{{Cite journal| last3 = Brett | first1 = S. L. | first2 = R. D.| first3 = C. E.| last2 = Jarrard| first4 = P. A. | title = Geophysical and geological signatures of relative sea level change in the upper Wheeler Formation, Drum Mountains, West-Central Utah: A perspective into exceptional preservation of fossils| last4 = Allison| journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology| volume = 277| issue = 1–2| pages = 34–56 | year = 2009| last1 = Halgedahl | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.02.011}} 8. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Gaines | first1 = R. R. | last2 = Kennedy | first2 = M. J. | last3 = Droser | first3 = M. L. | title = A new hypothesis for organic preservation of Burgess Shale taxa in the middle Cambrian Wheeler Formation, House Range, Utah | doi = 10.1016/j.palaeo.2004.07.034 | journal = Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology | volume = 220 | pages = 193 | year = 2005 | pmid = | pmc = }} 9. ^{{Cite journal| last1 = Lieberman | first1 = B. S.| title = A New Soft-Bodied Fauna: the Pioche Formation of Nevada| journal = Journal of Paleontology| volume = 77| issue = 4| pages = 674–690| year = 2003| issn = 0022-3360| doi = 10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0674:ANSFTP>2.0.CO;2}} 10. ^1 2 {{citation |last1=Gunther |first1=L.F. |last2=Gunther |first2=V.G. |year=1981 |title=Some Middle Cambrian Fossils of Utah |journal=Brigham Young University Geology Studies |volume=28 |pages=1–81}} 11. ^{{Citation |author1=Briggs, D.E.G. |author2=Robison, R.A. | title = Exceptionally preserved nontrilobite arthropods and Anomalocaris from the Middle Cambrian of Utah | year = 1984 | url = http://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/dspace/handle/1808/3656 | publisher = The Paleontological Institute, The University of Kansas}} 12. ^Photos of Wheeler Shale fossils from UC Berkeley 13. ^{{citation |last1=Rigby |first1=J.K. |journal = Journal of Paleontology | year = 1978 | volume = 52 | pages = 1325–1345 | title= Porifera of the Middle Cambrian Wheeler Shale, from the Wheeler Amphitheater, House Range, in western Utah |issue= 6 | doi=10.2307/1303938}} 14. ^Utah's Cambrian Life from University of Kansas Natural History Museum 15. ^Cambrian fossils from Utah by the University of Utah 16. ^Comprehensive treatment from The Virtual Fossil Museum 17. ^{{citation | last1 = Gaines | first1=Robert R. | last2= Droser | first2= Mary L. | last3= Kennedy |first3= Martin J. |year= 2001 |title=Taphonomy of soft-bodied preservation and ptychopariid Lagerstätte in the Wheeler Shale (Middle Cambrian), House Range, USA; controls and implications |journal= PaleoBios | volume= 21 (Suppl.2) | pages=1–55 |url=http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/napc/abs9.html}} 5 : Geologic formations of Utah|Cambrian System of North America|Cambrian geology of Utah|Paleontology in Utah|Wheeler Shale |
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