1. History

2. Uses in current and future vehicles
     Concept cars  

3. Mechanism

4. Comparison with conventional EV design in automobiles
    Drive by wire  Weight savings  Unsprung weight concerns 

5. See also

6. References

7. External links

The wheel hub motor (also called wheel motor, wheel hub drive, hub motor or in-wheel motor) is an electric motor that is incorporated into the hub of a wheel and drives it directly.

History

• First wheel motor concept: Wellington Adams of St. Louis first conceived of building an electric motor directly in the vehicle wheel, though it was attached via complicated gearing. The Adams patent is {{US Patent|300,827}}in 1884.
• High torque low RPM wheel motor invented: The motor was incorporated into the wheel without gearing and addressed torque considerations through the use of a new high torque, low rpm motor invented by Edward Parkhurst of Woburn, MA in {{US Patent|422,149}} in 1890 (and mismentioned in Parcelle's patent as #320,699).
• Electric wheel motor advantages revealed in patent: An early wheel hub electric motor was invented by Frenchman Charles Theryc and patented in 1896 as {{US Patent|572,036}} entitled Wheel with Electric Motor hub for Vehicles. In the patent he explained all advantages including no transmission losses because of the absence of classic transmission rods from engines to wheels.
• Diesel wheel motor: Not all wheel hub motors were electric. C F Goddard in 1896 invented a piston hub motor for horseless carriages patented in {{US Patent|574,200}}. He envisioned it powered by expanding gas of some kind. His offcenter flexible bent spoke designs later appeared in the Apollo moon rovers' wheels in 1960s.
• Using cams, another type of combustion wheel motor: In {{US Patent|593,248}} W C Smith in 1897 developed another explosive gas expansion motor inside a wheel hub that utilized cams on a track in the hub to transmit power to the wheel.

The electric wheel hub motor was raced by Ferdinand Porsche in 1897 in Vienna, Austria. Porsche's first engineering training was electrical, not internal combustion based. As a result, he developed his first cars as electric cars with electric wheel hub motors that ran on batteries. The Lohner Porsche, fitted with one wheel motor in each of the front wheels, appeared at the World Exhibition in Paris in 1900 and created a sensation in the young automobile world. In the following years, 300 Lohner Porsches were made and sold to wealthy buyers.^[3]

Eventually the growth in power of the gasoline engine overtook the power of the electric wheel hub motors and this made up for any losses through a transmission. As a result, autos moved to gasoline engines with transmissions, but they were never as efficient as electric wheel hub motors.

Uses in current and future vehicles

• They are commonly found on electric bicycles.^[4]
• Wheel motors are applied in industry, e.g. driving wheels that are part of assembly lines.
• They have not been used very often on cars, despite being invented for this purpose (see history). The only production car using them is the Luka EV by MW Motors.^[5]
• Hub motors can also be found on buses.^[6]

Concept cars

Several concept cars have been developed using in-wheel motors:

• General Motors Sequel 2005
• Protean Electric's Mini QED in 2006, and other cars using its Hi-Pa Drive
• Mitsubishi MIEV concept model in 2005
• Chebela (2010), a small urban EV prototype using 2 direct-drive in-wheel motors in the rear.
• Citroën C-Métisse with in wheel electric motors developed by TM4.^[7]
• Siemens VDO (bought by Continental) eCorner concept in 2006^[8][9]
• Heuliez WILL using the Michelin Active Wheel (which incorporates motorized active suspension as well) in 2008^[10]
• The ZAP-X in 2007 "would use high-tech electric hub motors at all four wheels, delivering 644 horsepower to the ground from a lithium-ion battery pack. The hub motors would eliminate the need for transmission, axles and conventional brakes, opening up space beneath the floor for a giant battery pack."^[11]
• The Peugeot BB1 in 2009 incorporates rear in-wheel motors designed with Michelin.^[12]
• The Protean Ford F-150 All-Electric Pickup Truck by Protean Electric uses four in-wheel motors.^[13]
• The Hiriko folding urban electric prototype has the drive motors located inside each of the four wheels, and has an electronically controlled maximum speed of {{convert|50|km/h|abbr=on|0}}.^[14][15] Each wheel integrates a motor, steering actuators, suspension and braking right inside the wheel, controlled by a drive-by-wire system.^[16]

Mechanism

Hub motor electromagnetic fields are supplied to the stationary windings of the motor. The outer part of the motor follows, or tries to follow, those fields, turning the attached wheel. In a brushed motor, energy is transferred by brushes contacting the rotating shaft of the motor. Energy is transferred in a brushless motor electronically, eliminating physical contact between stationary and moving parts. Although brushless motor technology is more expensive, most are more efficient and longer-lasting than brushed motor systems.

A hub motor typically is designed in one of three configurations. Considered least practical is an axial-flux motor, where the stator windings are typically sandwiched between sets of magnets. The other two configurations are both radial designs with the motor magnets bonded to the rotor; in one, the inner rotation motor, the rotor sits inside the stator, as in a conventional motor. In the other, the outer-rotation motor, the rotor sits outside the stator and rotates around it. The application of hub motors in vehicular uses is still evolving, and neither configuration has become standard.^[17]

Electric motors have their greatest torque at startup, making them ideal for vehicles as they need the most torque at startup too. The idea of "revving up" so common with internal combustion engines is unnecessary with electric motors. Their greatest torque occurs as the rotor first begins to turn, which is why electric motors do not require a transmission. A gear-down arrangement may be needed, but unlike in a transmission normally paired with a combustion engine, no shifting is needed for electric motors.{{Citation needed|date=March 2011}}

Wheel hub motors are increasingly common on electric bikes and electric scooters in some parts of the world, especially Asia.^[18][19]

Comparison with conventional EV design in automobiles

Compared with the conventional electric vehicle design with one motor situated centrally driving two (sometimes four) wheels by axles, the wheel motor arrangement has certain advantages and disadvantages:

Drive by wire

Cars with electronic control of brakes and acceleration provide more opportunities for computerized vehicle dynamics such as:

• Active cruise control, where the vehicle can maintain a given distance from a vehicle ahead
• Collision avoidance, where the vehicle can automatically brake to avoid a collision
• Emergency brake assist, where the vehicle senses an emergency stop and applies maximum braking
• Active software differentials, where individual wheel speed is adjusted in response to other inputs
• Active brake bias, where individual wheel brake effort is adjusted in real time to maintain vehicle stability
• Brake steer, where individual wheel brake bias is adjusted to assist steering (similar to a tracked vehicle like a bulldozer)

While some of these features have started to appear as options for some internal combustion engine vehicles, optional ABS brakes can add up to $2,000 to the cost of a base model.^[20]

As wheel motors brake and accelerate a vehicle with a single solid state electric/electronic system many of the above features can be added as software upgrades rather than requiring additional systems/hardware be installed like with ABS etc. This should lead to cheaper active dynamic safety systems for wheel motor equipped road vehicles.

Weight savings

Eliminating mechanical transmission, including gearboxes, differentials, drive shafts, and axles, provides a significant weight and manufacturing cost saving, while also decreasing the environmental impact of the product.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}}

Unsprung weight concerns

The major disadvantage of a wheel hub motor is that the weight of the electric motor increases the unsprung weight, which adversely affects handling and ride. The wheels are more sluggish in responding to road conditions, especially fast motions over bumps, and transmit the bumps to the chassis instead of absorbing them.

Most conventional electric motors include ferrous material composed of laminated electrical steel. This ferrous material contributes most of the weight of electric motors. To minimize this weight, several recent wheel-motor designs have minimized the electrical steel content of the motor by using a coreless design with Litz wire coil windings to reduce eddy current losses. This significantly reduces wheel motor weight and therefore unsprung weight.{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}

Another method used is to replace the cast iron friction brake assembly with a wheel motor assembly of similar weight. This results in no net gain in unsprung weight and provides a car capable of braking up to 1G.^[21]

A good example of this is the Michelin Active Wheel motor as fitted to the Heuliez Will, the first electric car with an Active Wheel drive, which results in an unsprung weight of 35 kg on the front axle and which compares favorably to a small car such as a Renault Clio that has 38 kg of unsprung weight on its front axle.^[22]

See also

• ActiveWheel
• Locking hubs
• Direct drive mechanism

References

External links

• e-Traction in-wheel direct drive technology
• Mitsubishi' experimental car, presented in May 2005, is fitted with wheel motors at the rear.
• The ez-Wheel
• Elaphe performance in-wheel electric motors

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