| 词条 | Whitefish River (Montana) |
| 释义 |
| name = Whitefish River | name_native = epɫx̣ʷy̓u | name_native_lang = Salish | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Whitefish River January 2, 2019.jpg | image_size = | image_alt = | image_caption = Whitefish River looking west from Baker Avenue Bridge in Whitefish | map = | map_size = | map_alt = | map_caption = | source1_location = Outlet of Whitefish Lake | source1_coordinates= {{coord|48|24|55|N|114|21|12|W|name=Whitefish River}} | source1_coord_ref =[1] | mouth_location = Confluence with Stillwater River just before the Flathead River | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|48|12|44|N|114|17|13|W|name=Whitefish River|display=inline,title}} | mouth_coord_ref =[1] | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = Flathead County, Montana | progression = | length = {{convert|24.8|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}}[3] | source1_elevation = {{convert|2999|ft|m}}[3] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|2910|ft|m}}[1] | discharge1_avg = | basin_size = | river_system = Columbia River | tributaries_left = Cow Creek, Haskill Creek, Walker Creek | tributaries_right = }} The Whitefish River is a {{convert|24.8|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}}[2] southward-flowing stream originating at the outlet of Whitefish Lake. The river is a tributary of the Stillwater River just before it reaches the Flathead River in Flathead County, in the U.S. state of Montana. The Whitefish River is part of the Columbia River basin, as the Flathead River is a tributary of Clark Fork, which is tributary to the Pend Oreille River, which is tributary to the Columbia River. HistoryWhitefish River and Whitefish Lake were named in the 1850s for the abundant whitefish harvested there.[3] The Salish called them epɫx̣ʷy̓u, "has whitefish".[4] CourseThe Whitefish River originates in Whitefish Lake and flows generally south until it joins the Stillwater River just before the Flathead River about {{convert|1|mi|km}} east of Kalispell. The river's uppermost reach leaves the lake and flows through the city of Whitefish for {{convert|2.5|mi|km}}. The Whitefish River has three tributaries of significance. Small Cow Creek flows southwest {{convert|4.5|mi|km}} and discharges into the river {{convert|2|mi|km}} downstream from Whitefish Lake. Next, several headwater tributaries beginning in the Whitefish Mountain Resort form Haskill Creek which flows {{convert|11|mi|km}} south to the Whitefish River {{convert|4.5|mi|km}} downstream from Whitefish Lake. The third tributary to Whitefish River is Walker Creek which begins in the southern flank of the Whitefish Range and joins the river {{convert|5|mi|km}} below the Whitefish Lake outlet.[5] EcologyThe Montana Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) determined in 2014 that the Whitefish River was temperature-impaired, meaning that high temperature impairs aquatic life, and that a reduction in water temperature of 0.99 °F was recommended.[6] Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) and westslope cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarki lewisi) are considers indicator species of stream health, and are present in the Whitefish River, although in greatly diminished numbers. The primary threat to native cutthroat trout is hybridization with non-native rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). A 2001 genetics study of cutthroat trout in the river showed 98.2% rainbow trout and 1.8% westslope cutthroat trout genetics in a sample of 15 fish.[5] Other native fish species include the river's namesake mountain whitefish (Prosopium williamsoni), largescale sucker ((Catostomus macrocheilus)), longnose sucker ((Catostomus catostomus)), northern pikeminnow ((Ptychocheilus oregonensis)), peamouth chub (Mylocheilus caurinus,), redside shiner ((Richardsonius balteatus)), and slimy sculpin (Cottus cognatus). Non-native fish species include northern pike (Esox lucius) which preys on native trout species.[5]See also
References1. ^1 2 {{cite gnis |id= 793223 |name=Whitefish River}} 2. ^1 2 U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map {{webarchive|url=https://www.webcitation.org/66gupqQDM?url=http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer/ |date=2012-04-05 }}, accessed January 5, 2019 3. ^ {{cite book |title=Montana Place Names: From Alzada to Zortman |authors=Rich Aarstad, Ellen Arguimbau, Ellen Baumler, Charlene L. Porsild, Brian Shovers |publisher=Montana Historical Society Press |year=2009 |isbn13=978-0975919613 }} 4. ^{{cite book |title=nyoʻnuntn q̓éymin, Flathead Nation Salish dictionary |last=Tachini|first=Pete|author2=Louie Adams, Sophie Mays, Mary Lucy Parker, Johnny Arlee, Frances Vanderburg, Lucy Vanderburg, Diana Christopher-Cote |publisher=Bilingual Education Department, Salish Kootenai College |location=Pablo, Montana |page=161 |year = 1998}} 5. ^1 2 {{cite report |title=Whitefish Area Water Resources Report: A Status of the Whitefish Lake Watershed and Surrounding Area |author=Whitefish Lake Institute |year=2015 |publisher=Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation |url=http://www.whitefishlake.org/download_docs/Final%20Report%202015/FINAL%20REPORT.pdf |accessdate=January 6, 2019 }} 6. ^ {{cite report |title=Flathead – Stillwater Planning Area Nutrient, Sediment, and Temperature TMDLs and Water Quality Improvement Plan |author=Montana DEQ and U.S. EPA Region 8 |date=December 1, 2014 |publisher=Montana Dept. of Environmental Quality |location=Helena, MT |url=https://deq.mt.gov/Portals/112/Water/WQPB/TMDL/Approval%20Letters/C11-TMDL-02a_EPA.pdf |accessdate=January 6, 2019 }} External links
3 : Rivers of Montana|Tributaries of the Columbia River|Rivers of Flathead County, Montana |
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