| 词条 | Nekhen |
| 释义 |
| name = Nekhen | native_name = | alternate_name = Hierakonpolis | image = | alt = | caption = View of Nekhen | map_type = Egypt | map_alt = | map_size = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord|25|5|50|N|32|46|46|E|display=inline}} | location = Aswan Governorate, Egypt | region = | type = | part_of = | length = | width = | area = | height = | builder = | material = possibly, oldest painted Ancient Egyptian tomb | built = | abandoned = | epochs = | cultures = | dependency_of = | occupants = | event = | excavations = | archaeologists = | condition = | ownership = | management = | public_access = | website = | notes = }}{{hiero|Nekhen| or Nekhen ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɛ|k|ə|n}}) or Hierakonpolis ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|h|aɪər|ə|ˈ|k|ɒ|n|p|ə|l|ᵻ|s}}; {{lang-grc|Ἱεράκων πόλις}} Hierakōn polis "Hawk City",[1] {{lang-arz|الكوم الأحمر|el-Kōm el-Aḥmar|lit=the Red Mound}}{{sfn|Richardson|2003|p=429}}) was the religious and political capital of Upper Egypt at the end of prehistoric Egypt ({{circa}} 3200–3100 BC) and probably also during the Early Dynastic Period ({{circa}} 3100–2686 BC). Some authors suggest occupation dates that should begin thousands of years earlier. The oldest known tomb with painted decoration on its plaster walls is located in Nekhen and is thought to date to ca. 3500-3200 BC. It shares distinctive imagery with artifacts from the Gerzeh culture. ==Horus cult center== Nekhen was the center of the cult of a hawk deity, Horus of Nekhen, which raised one of the most ancient Egyptian temples in this city. It retained its importance as the cultic center for this divine patron of the kings long after the site had otherwise declined. The first settlement at Nekhen dates from either the predynastic Amratian culture (circa 4400 BC) or, perhaps, during the late Badari culture (circa 5000 BC). At its height from about 3400 BC, Nekhen had at least 5,000 and possibly, as many as 10,000 inhabitants. The ruins of the city originally were excavated toward the end of the nineteenth century by the English archaeologists James Quibell and Frederick W. Green. Quibell and Green discovered the "Main Deposit", a foundation deposit beneath the temple,{{sfn|Shaw|2000|p=197}} in 1894. Quibell originally was trained under Flinders Petrie, the father of modern Egyptology, however, he failed to follow Petrie's methods. The temple was a difficult site to excavate to begin with, so his excavation was poorly conducted and then poorly documented. Specifically, the situational context of the items therein is poorly recorded and often, the reports of Quibell and Green are in contradiction.{{sfn|Shaw|2003|p=32}} The most famous artifact commonly associated with the main deposit, the Narmer Palette, now is thought probably not to have been in the main deposit at all. Quibell's report made in 1900 put the palette in the deposit, but Green's report in 1902 put it about one to two yards away. Green's version is substantiated by earlier field notes (Quibell kept none), so it is now the accepted record of events.{{sfn|Shaw|2003|p=33}} The main deposit dates to the early Old Kingdom,{{sfn|Shaw|2003|p=32}} but the artistic style of the objects in the deposit indicate that they were from Naqada III and were moved into the deposit at a later date. The other important item in the deposit clearly dates to the late prehistoric.{{sfn|Shaw|2000|p=254}} This object, the Scorpion Macehead, depicts a king known only by the ideogram for scorpion, now called Scorpion II, participating in what seems to be a ritual irrigation ceremony.{{sfn|Gardiner|1961|p=403}} Although the Narmer Palette is more famous because it shows the first king to wear both the crowns of Upper and Lower Egypt, the Scorpion Macehead also indicates some early military hostility with the north by showing dead lapwings, the symbol of Lower Egypt, hung from standards.{{sfn|Gardiner|1961|p=403}} More recently, the concession was excavated further by a multinational team of archaeologists, Egyptologists, geologists, and members of other sciences, which was coordinated by Michael Hoffman until his death in 1990, then by Barbara Adams of University College London and Dr. Renee Friedman representing the University of California, Berkeley and the British Museum until Barbara Adams's death in 2001,[2] and by Renée Friedman thereafter. Possible ritual structuresThe structure at Nekhen known by the misnomer "fort" is a massive mud-brick enclosure built by Pharaoh Khasekhemwy of the Second Dynasty.[3] It appears to be similar in structure and ritual purpose as the similarly misidentified 'forts' constructed at Abydos, all without apparent military function. The true function of these structures is unknown, but they seem to be related to the rituals of kingship and the culture.{{sfn|Friedman|2006|p=31}} Religion was interwoven inexorably with kingship in Ancient Egypt. The ritual structure was built on a prehistoric cemetery. The excavations there, as well as the work of later brick robbers, have seriously undermined the walls and led to the near collapse of the structure. For two years, during 2005 and 2006, the team led by Friedman was attempting to stabilize the existing structure and support the endangered areas of the structure with new mudbricks.{{sfn|Friedman|2006|p=36}} Oldest known Egyptian painted tombOther discoveries at Nekhen include Tomb 100, the oldest tomb with painted decoration on its plaster walls. The sepulchre is thought to date to the Gerzeh culture (ca. 3500-3200 BC). The decoration shows presumed religious scenes and images that include figures featured in Egyptian culture for three thousand years—a funerary procession of barques, presumably a goddess standing between two upright lionesses, a wheel of various horned quadrupeds, several examples of a staff that became associated with the deity of the earliest cattle culture and one being held up by a heavy-breasted goddess. Animals depicted include onagers or zebras, ibexes, ostriches, lionesses, impalas, gazelles, and cattle. Oldest known zooThe oldest known zoological collection was revealed during excavations at Nekhen in 2009 of a menagerie that dates to ca. 3500 BC. The exotic animals included hippopotami, hartebeest, elephants, baboons, and wildcats.[4] Continuous activityThere are later tombs at Nekhen, dating to the Middle Kingdom, Second Intermediate Period, and New Kingdom. In the painted tomb of Horemkhauef a biographical inscription reporting Horemkhauef's journey to the capital was found. He lived during the Second Intermediate Period. Because it had a strong association with Egyptian religious ideas about kingship, the temple of Horus at Nekhen was used as late as the Ptolemaic Kingdom,[5] persisting as a religious center throughout the thousands of years of Ancient Egyptian culture. Notes1. ^Strabo xvii. p. 817 2. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2002/jul/13/guardianobituaries.obituaries?INTCMP=SRCH |title=Obituary |first=Harry |last=Smith |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 July 2002 |access-date=11 October 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Interactive Dig Hierakonpolis - Fixing the Fort|url=http://www.archaeology.org/interactive/hierakonpolis/fort.html|website=www.archaeology.org}} 4. ^World's First Zoo - Hierakonpolis, Egypt, Archaeology Magazine, http://www.archaeology.org/1001/topten/egypt.html 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Hoffman|first1=Michael Allen|last2=Hamroush|first2=Hany A.|last3=Allen|first3=Ralph O.|title=A Model of Urban Development for the Hierakonpolis Region from Predynastic through Old Kingdom Times|journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt|date=1 January 1986|volume=23|page=186|doi=10.2307/40001098|jstor=40001098}} References{{refbegin}}
External links
3 : Archaeological sites in Egypt|Cities in ancient Egypt|Former populated places in Egypt |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。