| 词条 | Wildlife of Singapore |
| 释义 |
The wildlife of Singapore is surprisingly diverse despite its rapid urbanisation. The majority of fauna that still remains on the island exists in various nature reserves such as the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and the Sungei Buloh Wetland Reserve.[1] In 1819, when a British trading post was first established on the island, Singapore was still nearly entirely covered in rainforests. During that time it still contained flora shared with the Malay Peninsula, but the biodiversity of the fauna was even then relatively low. Following the establishment of the trading post, rapid deforestation began due to crop cultivation. Deforestation of Singapore was largely completed by the 20th century. By some estimates, there has been a loss of 95% of the natural habitats of Singapore over the course of the past 183 years.[2] Due to the deforestation of Singapore, over twenty species of freshwater fish and 100 species of bird as well as a number of mammals have gone locally extinct. [3] A 2003 estimate has put the amount of extinct species as over 28%.[4] In modern times, over half of the naturally occurring fauna and flora in Singapore is present only in nature reserves, which comprise only 0.25% of Singapore's land area.[2] Estimates made in 2003 have said that the rapid habitat destruction will culminate in a loss of 13-42% of populations in all of Southeast Asia. [5]To combat these problems, the Singaporean government has made the Singapore Green Plan in 1992 and the new Singapore Green Plan in 2012 to continue it. The plan aims to keep tabs on the unstable populations of fauna and flora, to place new nature parks, and to connect existing parks. In addition, there are plans to set up a "National Biodiversity Reference Centre" (now known as the National Biodiversity Centre).[6] The last goal has been reached in 2006 when the centre was founded (it also accomplished the establishment of two new nature reserves in 2002[7]). Since its foundation it has been formulating various specific initiatives including attempts to conserve the hornbill and the rare dragonfly Indothemis limbata.[8] Fauna{{main article|Fauna of Singapore}}Mammals{{see also|List of mammals of Singapore}}Singapore has roughly 80 species of mammals (out of 11 different orders) including 45 species of bat and three species of non-human primates.[9] Currently the only introduced species in Singapore is the variable squirrel.[10] The abundance of bats however has been decreasing rapidly due to a habitat loss of over 95%.[11] Birds{{see also|List of birds of Singapore}}Singapore is the occasional home of 395 species of birds (out of which roughly 180 species are resident birds).[12] Reptiles{{see also|List of reptiles of Singapore}}Singapore contains a relatively large number of reptiles, a total of about 110 species (4 of which are introduced).[13] Most of the species, roughly 75 are snakes (mainly Colubrid snakes).[14] Amphibians{{see also|List of amphibians of Singapore}}Singapore has 30 species of amphibians (out of which two species, the painted bull frog and the American bullfrog, are introduced species).[15] Flora{{main article|Flora of Singapore}}Singapore currently contains 1358 species of native vascular plants, of which approximately 759 are critically endangered.[16] See also
References1. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_visitors_guide&task=nature%20reserves |title=National Parks Singapore}} 2. ^1 {{cite journal|last=Brook|first=Barry W.|author2=Navjot S. Sodhi |author3=Peter K. L. Ng |date=2003-07-24|title=Catastrophic extinctions follow deforestation in Singapore|journal=Nature |volume=424|pages=420–426|issn=0028-0836|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v424/n6947/full/nature01795.html|doi=10.1038/nature01795|pmid=12879068|issue=6947}} 3. ^{{cite journal|last=Corlett|first=Robert T.|date=July 1992|title=The Ecological Transformation of Singapore, 1819-1990|journal=Journal of Biogeography|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|volume=19|issue=4|pages=411–420|jstor=2845569|doi=10.2307/2845569}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://animal.discovery.com/news/briefs/20030811/singapore.html|title=Extinctions in Singapore|date=14 August 2003|publisher=Animal Planet News|accessdate=2009-09-26}} 5. ^{{cite web|title=Singapore is more wild than you think|url=http://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2017/04/where-singapore-wild-things-are/index.html|website=The Straits Times|language=en}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrcnparks.org/initiatives_nation.asp|title=National Initiatives|publisher=National Biodiversity Reference Center|accessdate=2009-09-26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302201619/http://nbrcnparks.org/initiatives_nation.asp|archivedate=2010-03-02|df=}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrcnparks.org/nbrc_history.asp|title=History of Biodiversity Conservation in Singapore|publisher=National Biodiversity Reference Centre|accessdate=2009-09-26}} 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=172&Itemid=129|title=Initiatives|publisher=National Parks Singapore|accessdate=2009-09-26|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100131025350/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=172&Itemid=129|archivedate=2010-01-31|df=}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=130&Itemid=128 |title=National Biodiversity Centre Mammal List |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312211902/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=130&Itemid=128 |archivedate=2014-03-12 |df= }} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrcnparks.org/pdf/Bio_List_Mammal.pdf|title=List of mammal species present in Singapore|date=June 2006|publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility|accessdate=2009-09-12}} 11. ^{{cite journal|last=Lane|first=David J. W. |author2=Kingston, Tigga |author3=Lee, Benjamin P. Y.-H.|year=2006|title=Dramatic decline in bat species richness in Singapore, with implications for Southeast Asia|journal=Biological Conservation|volume=131|issue=4|pages=584–593|issn=0006-3207|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17962429|doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2006.03.005}} 12. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=131&Itemid=128 |title=National Biodiversity Centre Bird List |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212633/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=131&Itemid=128 |archivedate=2014-03-12 |df= }} 13. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=128 |title=National Biodiversity Centre Reptile List |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212902/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=133&Itemid=128 |archivedate=2014-03-12 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrcnparks.org/pdf/Bio_List_Reptiles.pdf|title=List of reptile species present in Singapore|date=March 2006|publisher=Global Biodiversity Information Facility|accessdate=2009-09-12}} 15. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134&Itemid=128 |title=National Biodiversity Centre Amphibian List |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140312212423/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=134&Itemid=128 |archivedate=2014-03-12 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/redbook/RDB_Flora_final.pdf |title=Singapore Red Data Book |page=2 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120315154023/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/redbook/RDB_Flora_final.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-15 |df= }} External links
2 : Biota of Singapore|Wildlife by country |
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