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词条 Wildlife of Sri Lanka
释义

  1. Ecological zones

  2. Faunal diversity

      Number of described species of fauna in Sri Lanka{{citation needed|date=August 2017}} 

  3. Vertebrates

     Mammals  Reptiles  Amphibians  Birds  Fish 

  4. Insects

     Major insects  Minor insects 

  5. Crustaceans

     Freshwater crabs  Isopods  Mangrove crabs 

  6. Molluscs

  7. Myriapods

  8. Arachnids

     Spiders  Ant-mimicking spiders  Tarantulas  Scorpions  Ticks and Mites 

  9. Flora

  10. See also

  11. References

  12. Bibliography

  13. External links

{{Wildlife of Sri Lanka}}

Wildlife of Sri Lanka includes its flora and fauna and their natural habitats. Sri Lanka has one of the highest rates of biological endemism (16% of the fauna and 23% of flowering plants are endemic[1]) in the world.

Ecological zones

The mountains and the southwestern part of the country, known as the "wet zone," receive ample rainfall (an annual average of 2500 millimeters). Most of the southeast, east, and northern parts of the country comprise the "dry zone, which receives between 1200 and 1900 mm of rain annually.

{{main|Geography of Sri Lanka}}

Faunal diversity

Number of described species of fauna in Sri Lanka{{citation needed|date=August 2017}}

Group Class No. of Species Endemic species Endemism
VertebratesMammalia
125
21
16.8%
Aves
227
26
11.89%
Reptilia
179
109
60.13%
Amphibia
122
112
91.66%
Actinopterygii
93
50
53.76%
InvertebratesGastropoda
5246
Insecta
11,144
Araneae
383
271
70.75%
Scorpiones
18
7
38.88%
Crustacea
51
51
100%

Vertebrates

Mammals

{{Main|List of mammals of Sri Lanka}}{{Main|List of endemic mammals of Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka is home to roughly 123 species of mammals, 41 of which are threatened (9 critically). 16 of the species are endemic, of which 14 are threatened,[2] including the large sloth bear.

mammalian orders), with 30 different species. Sri Lanka's surrounding waters are home to 28 species of Cetaceans.

Reptiles

{{Main|List of reptiles of Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka currently contains 179 species of reptiles, of which 60 are threatened and 109 are endemic. Most of the reptiles are snakes and the largest are two species of crocodile, the mugger crocodile and saltwater crocodile.[2]

Amphibians

{{Main|List of amphibians of Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka has one of the richest diversity of amphibians in the world, containing 122 species of amphibians up to January 2019 with many recent discoveries, with 112 endemic species.[2] and has been claimed to have the highest species density in the world[3] though that has been challenged.[4] 52 species of amphibians in Sri Lanka are threatened, all but one of which are endemic.

Birds

{{Main|List of birds of Sri Lanka}}{{Main|List of endemic birds of Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka is home to 227 species of birds (though some past estimates put it as high as 486[5]), 46 of which are threatened (10 critically).[2]

Fish

{{Main|List of freshwater fish of Sri Lanka}}{{Main|List of brackishwater and Introduced fish of Sri Lanka}}{{Main|List of sharks and batoids found from territorial waters of Sri Lanka}}{{Main|List of common commercial fish of Sri Lanka}}

Sri Lanka contains 93 species of freshwater fish, and 50 of which are endemic to the country. 28 species are categorized as threatened by IUCN.[2] There are 8 species of brackish water fish that also come to freshwater, and 24 introduced exotic fish species.

Insects

Insects belonging to all 32 orders except Grylloblattodea have been recorded from the Sri Lanka.

Major insects

{{main|List of colepterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|Butterflies of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of butterflies of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of moths of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of hymenopterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of bees of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of ants of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of dipterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of mosquitoes of Sri Lanka}}

Coleoptera, which is the largest order in whole insect world, also the largest in Sri Lanka, contribute with 3,033 documented species.[10] Lepidopterans, the moths and butterflies has the second largest number of species in Sri Lanka. 245 butterflies species are recorded from Sri Lanka of which 24 are endemic to the island. 1695 species of moths are also found, but the endemism is unknown.

Hymenopterans, which includes ants, bees, wasps contribute to the third largest insect order in Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka is home to 181 species of ants that included to 61 genera and 10 subfamilies. One endemic genus Aneuretus is also included to the list. There are about 70,000 species of bees of order Hymenoptera described in the world with nearly 450 genera and 7 families. Out of them, Sri Lanka comprises 148 species included to 38 genera and 4 families.

True flies and mosquitoes belongs to order Diptera is much highly recorded from Sri Lanka. There are more than 1,341 dipterans found in the island, which earns fourth largest insect order found.[10] About 131 species of mosquitoes that included to 16 genera are described and documented from Sri Lanka. Though they are primarily vectors of many human diseases, majority of mosquitoes in Sri Lanka are harmless to humans and livestock.

Minor insects

{{main|List of odonates of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of Ephemeropterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of Orthopterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of cockroaches of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of Hemipterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of aphids of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of termites of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of phasmids of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of mantids of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of Dermapterans of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of lacewings of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of minor insects of Sri Lanka}}

The exact species for other orders is still not classified and documented. Walker on 1861, listed 2,007 species belongs to 9 insect orders and Haly on 1890 identified 1,510 beetle species from Sri Lanka. However, after series of many publications from many foreign entomologists, Two Sri Lankan entomologists, Anura Wijesekara and D.P Wijesinghe precisely documented 11,144 insect species belongs to 30 orders from Sri Lanka in 2003.[6][7]

Damselflies categorized in to Suborder: Zygoptera; and dragonflies into Suborder: Anisoptera. There are 121 described species within 13 families can be found in Sri Lanka. 59 species from them are endemic. Hubbard and co-workers documented 46 species in 8 families of order Ephemeroptera. Henneman in 2002 recorded 69 species in order Orthoptera. He also collected few specimen of order Phasmatodea around central hills. 66 species of order Blattodea are found, but not taxonomic evidences. Few species of the order Mantodea were studies by Henry in 1931. Clear documentation of the species within Dermaptera can be found, which was initiated by Burr (1901) and Brindle (1972). Within the termite infraorder Isoptera, 56 species recorded. In 1913, Green compiled a concise catalogue for isopterans in Sri Lanka.[7]

Only 4 species of order Embioptera are recorded. in the order Psocoptera, two subfamilies studied. They are Epipsocidae and Pseudocaeciliidae. Informations of the species of the orders Thysanoptera, Neuroptera, Mecoptera, and Siphonaptera are very few and more studies are required. Only the family Coniopterygidae of Neuroptera have been studied in 1982.[7]

Sri Lanka is known to home for 794 species of Hemipterans. Detailed work of Sri Lankan hemipterans are recorded in book "Catalogue of Hemiptera of Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka comprises 74 species in 46 genera and 6 families of aphids within order Hemiptera. 2 endemic aphid species found on Sri Lanka. Checklists on orders Trichoptera and Strepsiptera are well documented, but recent work is needed.[7]

Crustaceans

Freshwater crabs

{{main|List of freshwater crabs of Sri Lanka}}

All recorded 51 species along with 5 genera in the family Gecarcinucidae are totally endemic to Sri Lanka. 98% of those crabs are IUCN categorized as threatened, endangered or critically endangered animals.

Isopods

{{main|List of isopods of Sri Lanka}}

Isopods occur abundantly in the sea, freshwater and land. They typically flattened dorsoventrally and mostly scavengers. Sri Lanka harbor 92 species of isopods of 53 genera included to 23 families.

Mangrove crabs

The exact number of species around mangroves and estuaries within coastal marine regions is not clear. but during a research on diversity of mangrove crabs in Kadolkele, Negombo, five species identified, with two new species earlier not document from Sri Lanka.[8] Most marine crabs are much larger and often caught in fishing nets. They are edible foods with high protein. Some of marine edible crabs from Sri Lanka are[9]

  • Charybdis natator
  • Episesarma versicolor
  • Metopograpsus messor
  • Metopograpsus thukuhar
  • Neosarmatium smithi
  • Perisesarma guttatum
  • Portunus armatus
  • Portunus sanguinolentus
  • Scylla serrata
  • Thalamita crenata

Molluscs

{{main|List of non-marine molluscs of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of marine molluscs of Sri Lanka}}

There is known over 246 land gastropods of Sri Lanka with 83% endemicity. Sub class Pulmonata consists of 159 species within 23 families and subclass Prosobranchia by 88 species in four families. A total of five land snail genera, namely, Ravana, Ratnadvipia, Acavus, Oligospira and Aulopoma are endemic to Sri Lanka with 14 species included to these genera.[10][11] Thirteen more genera such as Ruthvenia, Thysanota, Cryptozona, Euplecta, Mariaella, Eurychlamys, Corilla, Beddomea, Trachia, Leptopomoides, Micraulax, Tortulosa and Nicida are restricted to Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka. 18 species are recorded as exotic species and agricultural pests.

Fauna of Sri Lanka also include freshwater snails. The number of marine molluscs of Sri Lanka is not known and there is about 240 species listed meantime in 2006.[12]

Myriapods

{{main|List of myriapods of Sri Lanka}}

The diversity of subphylum Myriapoda, is not well studied in Sri Lanka recently. The remaining facts and checklists of these creatures are dated back to Newport in 1845, which is the first known study about centipedes. Many of centipede works are done more than a century.[13] When considering millipede diversity, which is much higher in study than centipedes. Currently, 104 species of millipedes and 19 species of centipedes are known from Sri Lanka.[14]

Arachnids

Spiders

{{main|List of spiders of Sri Lanka}}

The detailed work on Sri Lankan spiders were done through checklist by Manju Siliwal and Sanjay Molur's detailed checklist of spiders of South Asia including 2006 revision of Indian spider checklist. This checklist provided all the described spider species of South Asia and part of South-East Asia as well.[15]

According to this checklist, Sri Lanka has 501 species of spiders belongs to 45 families and 213 genera. Out of these 360, 250 are endemic spiders to Sri Lanka with 22 endemic genera.[7]

Ant-mimicking spiders

{{main|List of Ant-mimicking spiders of Sri Lanka}}

Spiders in genus Myrmarachne are commonly called ant-mimicking spiders. They are grouped in the family Salticidae of order Araneae. Out of 100+ species described, 12 species are found in Sri Lanka. Three species were described in 2015.

Tarantulas

{{main|List of tarantulas of Sri Lanka}}

There are 8 species of tarantulas that are recorded from Sri Lanka. When considering with Indian subcontinent, 15 species of Poecilotheria are recorded from both countries; seven endemics from India and seven endemics from Sri Lanka. One species found in both countries.

Scorpions

{{main|List of scorpions of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of pseudoscorpions of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of lesser arachnids of Sri Lanka}}

There are 18 species of scorpions which are found in Sri Lanka. Out of these 18 species, 7 species are endemic to Sri Lanka. In addition to the endemic species, 4 subspecies of the 9 non-endemic species are also endemic to Sri Lanka.

According to 2014 researches, 47 species of pseudoscorpions have been identified from Sri Lanka. Out of this 43 species, 20 species are endemic to Sri Lanka.

The diversity of lesser arachnids within Sri Lanka is not extensive. Some observations on particular species have been undertaken by some local and foreign scientists. According to them, there are 3 species of whip spiders, 4 species of whip scorpions, and 21 species of daddy longlegs found in Sri Lanka.

Ticks and Mites

{{main|List of ixodid ticks of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of mites of Sri Lanka}}

Ticks belong to superfamily Ixodoidea of the order Parasitiformes. 27 species of Ixodid ticks, commonly called hard ticks, of the family Ixodidae belonging to nine genera have been reported to date from Sri Lanka.

Flora

{{main|List of Common Trees and Shrubs of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of mangroves of Sri Lanka}}{{main|List of pteridophytes of Sri Lanka}}Diversity and endemism of plants in Sri Lanka are quite high.[16] There are 3,210 flowering plants belonging to 1,052 genera. 916 species and 18 genera are endemic to the island. Additionally, all but one of the island’s more than 55 dipterocarps are confined to Sri Lanka. Although not lately assessed, Sri Lanka’s ferns are estimated at about 350 species. Diversity, richness, and endemism across all taxa groups are much higher in the wet zone than in the dry zone. Wet zone, which accounts for only a quarter of Sri Lanka’s land area, harbours 88 percent of the flowering plants, and 95 percent of country's flowering plant endemics. The natural forests of Sri Lanka are categorized into eight types.[17]

Sri Lankan Environmentalist, Dr. Gothami Weerakoon has discovered 51 new varieties of Lichens endemic to Sri Lanka, where 8 of them were found from the Knuckles Mountain Range.[18][19] While Dr. Udeni Jayalal et al found 2 new lichens from Horton Plains in 2012, as Anzia mahaeliyensis and Anzia flavotenuis.[20]

A new Gesneriaceae species Henckelia wijesundarae, endemic to Hiniduma, Galle is described and illustrated in 2016 by Subhani Ranasinghe et al.[21]

See also

  • Wildlife conservation
  • Wildlife of the Indian Subcontinent

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://ybiol.tripod.com/biodiv.htm|title=Biological diversity of Sri Lanka|publisher=Young Biologist Association, Sri Lanka|access-date=2009-09-12}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|title=The Red List of Threatened Fauan and Flora of Sri Lanka|publisher=The World Conservation Union (IUCN)|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|year=2007|pages=166|isbn=978-955 -8177 -63-1|url=http://www.srilankareptile.com/animals/2007%20-%20Red_List%20%28Sri%20Lanka%29.pdf|accessdate=2012-09-20}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last=Pethiyagoda|first=Rohan|author2=Kelum Manamendra-Arachchi |date=November 1998|title=Evaluating Sri Lanka’s amphibian diversity|journal=Occasional papers of Wildlife Heritage Trust of Sri Lanka|volume=2|url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/wlife/amphi.htm|accessdate=2012-09-09}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Chaitra,|first=M. S. |author2=Karthikeyan Vasudevan |author3=Kartik Shanker|date=2010-04-04|title=The biodiversity bandwagon: the splitters have it|journal=Current Science|volume=86|issue=7|pages=3|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/apr102004/897.pdf|accessdate=2012-09-09}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last=Kotagama|first=Sarath W.|author2=Rex I. De Silva |author3=Athula S. Wijayasinha |author4=Vathsala Abeygunawardane |year=2006|title=Avifaunal List of Sri Lanka|publisher=IUCN|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|isbn=978-955-8177-51-8|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dECS8PTrUg4C&printsec=frontcover&q=}}
6. ^Anura Wijesekara1 et D. P. Wijesinghe, « History of insect collection and a review of insect diversity in Sri Lanka », Cey. J. Sci. (Bio.Sci.), vol. 31, 2003, p. 43-59 pdf
7. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web | url=https://books.google.lk/books?id=KpSwBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Neuroptera+in+Sri+Lanka&source=bl&ots=LcTbmG2FZn&sig=NRVkyCZxSMTBPQNF_4ulQAZxqhE&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjsrNzVw7_KAhUFGY4KHXwtC2EQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=Neuroptera%20in%20Sri%20Lanka&f=false | title=The Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research, and Conservation | publisher=Google books | work=Amazon.com | accessdate=23 January 2016 | author=Bambaradeniya, Channa N. B.}}
8. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.slafar.org/new_site/journal_file_uploads/_Paper_8.pdf | title=Diversity of mangrove crabs in Kadolkele, Negombo Estuary, Sri Lanka | publisher=slafar | accessdate=23 January 2016 | author=Priyadarshani, S.H.R}}
9. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.pgia.ac.lk/files/Annual_congress/journel/v25/Journal-No%204/Poster/13.%20N.Tharmine%20-%2035%20Prof.%20%20%20-OK.pdf | title=The status of Diversity and Species Composition of Crabs in Navanthurai Coastal Area in Jaffna Peninsula of Sri Lanka | publisher=Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya | accessdate=23 January 2016}}
10. ^Naggs F., Raheem D. C., Mordan P. B., Grimm B., Ranawana K. B. & Kumburegama N. P. S. (2003). "Ancient relicts and contemporary exotics: faunal change and survivorship in Sri Lanka’s snail fauna". Slugs & Snails: Agricultural, Veterinary & Environmental Perspectives, British Crop Protection Council Symposium Proceedings No. 80, 103 - 108.
11. ^Ranawana K. B. (2006) "Land Snails in Sri Lanka". In: Bambaradeniya C. N. B. The Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. 84-99. {{ISBN|955-8177-51-2}}.
12. ^de Silva D. (2006) "Current Status of Taxonomy and Ecology of Marine Molluscs in Sri Lanka". In: Bambaradeniya C. N. B. The Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation. The World Conservation Union, Colombo, Sri Lanka & Government of Sri Lanka. 84-99. {{ISBN|955-8177-51-2}}.
13. ^{{cite web | url=http://repository.rjt.ac.lk/jspui/bitstream/7013/1149/1/Record%20of.pdf | title=Records of centipede fauna of Sri Lanka. | publisher=repository.rjt.ac.lk | accessdate=9 June 2016 | author=Dissanayake, Duminda. S.B}}
14. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/289858025_Annotated_checklist_of_millipedes_Myriapoda_Diplopoda_of_Sri_Lanka | title=Annotated checklist of millipedes (Myriapoda: Diplopoda) of Sri Lanka | publisher=Research Gate | accessdate=9 June 2016 | author=De Zoysa, H.K.S}}
15. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.academia.edu/3142376/Checklist_of_spiders_Arachnida_Araneae_of_South_Asia_including_the_2006_update_of_Indian_spider_checklist | title=Checklist of Spiders of South Asia | accessdate=13 March 2016 |author1=Molur, Sanjay |author2=Siliwal, Manju | pages=47}}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/Hotspots/ghats/Pages/biodiversity.aspx|title=Unique and threatened biodiversity|work=biodiversityhotspots.org|publisher=Conservation International|accessdate=2009-09-15|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504133044/http://www.biodiversityhotspots.org/xp/hotspots/ghats/Pages/biodiversity.aspx|archivedate=2009-05-04|df=}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ad678e/AD678E04.htm|title=Forest Resources|date=2001|work=Forest resources of Sri Lanka Country report|publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization|accessdate=2009-09-15}}
18. ^{{cite web | url=http://newsfirst.lk/english/2013/12/sri-lankan-environmentalist-discovers-51-species-lichen/8251 | title=Environmentalist discovers 51 species of Lichen | publisher=Newsfirst.lk | date=Dec 8, 2013 | accessdate=8 February 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web | url=http://ceylontoday.lk/64-87842-news-detail-the-fascinating-world-of-the-lichens.html | title=The fascinating world of the lichens | publisher=Ceylontoday | date=2015-03-22 | accessdate=8 February 2016}}
20. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.sundaytimes.lk/120318/News/nws_51.html | title=Two new Lichens from Horton Plains | publisher=Sundaytimes | date=March 18, 2012 | accessdate=8 February 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.3372/wi.46.46202 | title=Henckelia wijesundarae (Gesneriaceae), a new endemic species from Sri Lanka, and lectotypification of Chirita walkerae and C. walkerae var. parviflora | publisher=Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin (BGBM) | accessdate=21 September 2016}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite book|title=Fauna of Sri Lanka: Status of Taxonomy, Research and Conservation|editor=Channa N. B. Bambaradeniya|publisher=The World Convservation Union (IUCN)|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|year=2006|pages=308|isbn=955-8177-51-2|url=https://books.google.com/?id=dECS8PTrUg4C&printsec=frontcover&q=}}
  • Herat, T. R. Somaratna, S & Pradeepa, 1998, Common Vegetables of Sri Lanka. NARESA, Sri Lanka.
  • Herat, T. R. 2005. Tentative Keys to the Families & Genera of Pteridophytes of Sri Lanka. Author Publisher.
  • Herat, T. R. P. Ratnayake. 2005 An Illustrated Guide to the Fern Flora of Knuckles Conservation Area Sri Lanka. Author Publisher.
  • Herat, T. R. 2005. Endemic Flowering Plants, Part I A Checklist & an Index to A Revised Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon. Author Publisher.
  • Herat, T. R. 2007. Endemic Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka Part II A, Index to the Distribution of Plants with Localities. Environmental Ministry Colombo.
  • Herat, T. R. 2007 Endemic Flowering Plants of Sri Lanka Part II B, Index to the Distribution within Agro Ecological Zones. Environmental Ministry Colombo.
  • Herat, T. R. A. U. Herat, 2008. Index to the Distribution of Ferns & Fern-Allies within the Administrative Districts of Sri Lanka. Author Publisher.
  • Herat, T. R. 2009. YS%, dxlSh imqIaml Ydl i|yd jQ isxy, fmdoq kdu iQpsh’ Author Publisher.

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090515113358/http://srilankareptile.com/ A guide to reptiles of Sri Lanka]
  • Biological diversity in the Western Ghats and Sri Lanka
{{Fauna of Sri Lanka}}{{Asia in topic|Wildlife of}}{{Geography of Sri Lanka}}

3 : Wildlife by country|Biota of Sri Lanka|Biota of archipelagoes
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