| 词条 | Willow Creek Dam (Oregon) |
| 释义 |
| name = Willow Creek Dam | image = Willowcr.jpg | image_caption = Willow Creek Dam and Willow Creek Lake | name_official = | dam_crosses = Willow Creek | res_name = Willow Creek Lake | location = Morrow County, Oregon, U.S. | operator = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | dam_length = | dam_height = {{convert|160|ft|m|sp=us}} | dam_width_base = | construction_began = 1979 | opening = 1983 | cost = $37,231,332 (as of June 18, 1997)[1] | res_capacity_total = gross {{convert|13250|acre.ft|sp=us|lk=in}} usable {{convert|9765|acre.ft|sp=us|lk=in}} | res_catchment = {{convert|96|sqmi|km2|sp=us}} | res_surface = {{convert|126|acre|0|sp=us}} max {{convert|95|acre|0|sp=us}} min[1] | plant_turbines = | plant_capacity = | plant_annual_gen = | coordinates = {{coord|45.34695|-119.54463|type:landmark_region:US-OR|display=inline,title}} | extra = | website = }}Willow Creek Dam is a dam in Morrow County of the U.S. state of Oregon, located just east of Heppner's city limits. It was the first major dam in the United States constructed of roller-compacted concrete.[2] The dam's drainage basin is {{convert|96|sqmi|km2|sp=us}}[3] of arid rolling hills in the lower basin but with headwaters in the northern Umatilla National Forest. The dam's original purpose was primarily to store water for flood control, but also to serve recreation, fish and wildlife, and irrigation uses.[3] The dam impounds Willow Creek to create Willow Creek Lake. The lake level can be a maximum of {{convert|2113.5|ft|m|1|sp=us}} elevation and a minimum of {{convert|2063.0|ft|m|1|sp=us}} for a total usable storage capacity of {{convert|9765|acre.ft|sp=us|lk=in}}.[3] HistoryA major flood killed approximately one quarter of Heppner's population in 1903—about 250 people. The flooding creek flow was {{convert|36000|cuft/s|sp=us}} as a result of a flash flood caused by thunderstorms, known as the Heppner Flood of 1903. A flood control study was completed in 1962 at a total cost of $219.[4] In 1965, a flood control project was authorized by U.S. Congress.[5] In 1979, the purpose of a dam project was changed to defer irrigation development for the future and eliminate water supply and water quality control.[1] Construction feasibility tests in 1972 placed a few layers of roller-compacted concrete.[6] A 1:36 model (one inch equals three feet) was built and studied to determine downstream flooding and pool siltation characteristics as affected by the dam's spillway.[7] The dam was constructed by the Army Corps of Engineers between November 1981[1] and February 1983.[2][8][9] Construction completed nearly on schedule, despite the workers initially being unfamiliar with the materials, processing, and techniques. It came in less than its budget of $50 million at $35 million. The dam's construction validated economic and construction speed benefits where {{convert|330000|m3|yd3|sp=us}} of concrete were finished in less than five months at about $17 per cubic meter ($13/yd3), which includes additional efforts to correct defects. However, as soon as the lake began filling, significant leakage was evident through the seams of the layers of concrete. The lake was drained and a $2 million remedial effort included injecting grout through bores drilled from top to bottom. The initial rate of leakage was {{convert|33|m3/s|ft3/s|sp=us}}. After remediation, the leakage was less than {{convert|11|m3/s|ft3/s|sp=us}}. Concern over the dam's safety has continued, especially with the memory of the 1903 flash flood. Within a few years of construction, problems were noted with stratification of the water and anoxic decomposition producing hydrogen sulfide. Concerns were expressed that this could in turn give rise to sulfuric acid leading to concrete damage. Controversy continued for some years and the handling of the problem itself was criticized. In 2004, an aeration plant was installed to address the root cause, as had been called for 18 years earlier.[8] Subsequent controversy surrounded the politics of a small town being used as an experiment for new construction technology.[10] SolarBee devices to circulate the water were installed in 2009.[11]The dam won an American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) award in 1985.[12] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite web | url = http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/html/pub/pi/flood/willow.htm | title = Willow Creek Lake | author = US Army Corps of Engineers | date = June 18, 1997 | accessdate = 2009-08-30 }} 2. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://enr.construction.com/features/environment/archives/020819.asp | title = Two Jobs Not for the Faint of Heart: "Changing site conditions" on South American dams take on a new meaning | author = Stephen H. Daniels | work = Engineering News-Record | date = August 19, 2002 | accessdate = 2009-08-30}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.nwd-wc.usace.army.mil/report/wil.htm | title = Willow Creek Dam and Lake | author = Columbia Basin Water Management Division | publisher = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | accessdate = 2009-08-30}} 4. ^http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/dpn/dpn_project.asp?project_id=305 5. ^89-298 Flood Control Act of 1965, Section 204, Columbia River Basin http://www.nww.usace.army.mil/dpn/publaw.htm 6. ^{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=pl3Dh5sYwCUC&pg=PA567&lpg=PA567&dq=willow+creek+dam+1960..1977&q=willow%20creek%20dam%201960..1977 | title = Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and Concrete-Making Materials (STP, 169c) | work = ASTM Special Technical Publications | publisher = ASTM International | author = Paul Klieger |author2=Joseph F. Lamond | date = January 1, 1994 | pages = 567 | isbn = 978-0-8031-2053-2}} 7. ^{{cite web | url = http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA134687 | title = Willow Creek Dam Spillway and Stilling Basin at Heppner, Oregon. Hydraulic Model Investigation. | author = J. L. Lencioni | publisher = U.S. Army Corps of Engineers | date = April 1983}} 8. ^1 {{cite journal | url = http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/reliably-safe/1 | title = Reliably Safe | author = Douglas Larson | journal= American Scientist | date = January–February 2008 | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | doi = 10.1511/2008.69.6 | accessdate = 2009-08-30 | ref = Am Sci, Reliably Safe}} (start date conflicts with USACE source) 9. ^{{cite web | url = https://transportation.erdc.usace.army.mil/tsmcx/downloads/RCCCorpsDXBrochure.pdf | title = Roller Compacted Concrete | author = US Army Corps of Engineers, Technical Assistance Team | format = PDF | date = October 21, 2003 | accessdate = 2009-08-30}} (secure connection certificate invalid) 10. ^{{cite journal | title = Reliably Safe | url = http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/reliably-safe/1 | author = Douglas Larson | date = January–February 2008 | volume = 96 | issue = 1 | pages = 6 | doi = 10.1511/2008.69.6 | accessdate = 2009-08-30}} 11. ^http://www.solarbee.com/news/Prairie_Business_Magazine_20080908.pdf 12. ^http://content.asce.org/handa/PastOCEAWinners.html External links
8 : Buildings and structures in Morrow County, Oregon|Dams in Oregon|Heppner, Oregon|United States Army Corps of Engineers dams|Dams completed in 1983|1983 establishments in Oregon|Roller-compacted concrete dams|Gravity dams |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。