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词条 Winston Churchill as writer
释义

  1. Writing career

     American novelist of the same name 

  2. Non-fiction

  3. Fiction

  4. Collected speeches

  5. Miscellany

  6. Notes and references

     Notes  References  Sources 

  7. External links

{{about|the literary career of the British statesman|the American novelist of the same name|Winston Churchill (novelist)}}{{EngvarB|date=September 2015}}{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2015}}

Winston Churchill, in addition to his careers of soldier and politician, was a prolific writer under the pen name "Winston S. Churchill". After being commissioned into the 4th Queen's Own Hussars in 1895, Churchill gained permission to observe the Cuban War of Independence, and sent war reports to The Daily Graphic. He continued his war journalism in British India, at the Siege of Malakand, then in the Sudan during the Mahdist War and in southern Africa during the Second Boer War.

Churchill's fictional output included one novel and a short story, but his main output comprised non-fiction. After he was elected as an MP, over 130 of his speeches or parliamentary answers were also published in pamphlets or booklets; many were subsequently published in collected editions. Churchill received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1953 "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".[1]

Writing career

In 1895 Winston Churchill was commissioned cornet (second lieutenant) into the 4th Queen's Own Hussars. His annual pay was £300, and he calculated he needed an additional £500 to support a style of life equal to that of other officers of the regiment.{{sfn|Jenkins|2012|p=21}}{{efn|£300 in 1895 equates to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|300|1895}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}; £500 in 1895 equates to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|500|1895}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}.[1]}} To earn the required funds, he gained his colonel's agreement to observe the Cuban War of Independence; his mother, Lady Randolph Churchill, used her influence to secure a contract for her son to send war reports to The Daily Graphic.{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=330}} He was subsequently posted back to his regiment, then based in British India, where he took part in, and reported on the Siege of Malakand; the reports were published in The Pioneer and The Daily Telegraph.{{sfn|Johnson|2009|pp=12–14}}{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=330}} The reports formed the basis of his first book, The Story of the Malakand Field Force, which was published in 1898.{{sfn|Kitzan|1990|p=85}} To relax he also wrote his only novel, Savrola, which was published in 1898.{{sfn|Jenkins|2012|pp=31–32}} That same year he was transferred to the Sudan to take part in the Mahdist War (1881–99), where he participated in the Battle of Omdurman in September 1898. He published his recollections in The River War (1899).{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=331}}{{sfn|Kitzan|1990|p=85}}

In 1899 Churchill resigned his commission and travelled to South Africa as the correspondent with The Morning Post, on a salary of £250 a month plus all expenses, to report on the Second Boer War.{{sfn|Addison|2004}}{{efn|£250 in 1899 equates to £{{formatnum:{{Inflation|UK|250|1899}}}} in {{CURRENTYEAR}}.[1]}} He was captured by the Boers in November that year, but managed to escape. He remained in the country and continued to send in his reports to the newspaper. He subsequently published his despatches in two works, London to Ladysmith via Pretoria and Ian Hamilton's March (both 1900).{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=330}} He returned to Britain in 1900 and was elected as the Member of parliament for the Oldham constituency at that year's general election.{{sfn|Jenkins|2012|p=65}}

As a serving MP he began publishing pamphlets containing his speeches or answers to key parliamentary questions. Beginning with Mr Winston Churchill on the Education Bill (1902), over 135 such tracts were published over his career.{{sfn|Thomas|1987|pp=4, 8}} Many of these were subsequently compiled into collections, several of which were edited by his son, Randolph and others of which were edited by Charles Eade, the editor of the Sunday Dispatch.{{sfn|Baker|2004}}{{sfn|Thomas|1987|p=4}} In addition to his parliamentary duties, Churchill wrote a two-volume biography of his father, Lord Randolph Churchill, published in 1906, in which he "presented his father as a tory with increasingly radical sympathies", according to the historian Paul Addison.{{sfn|Addison|2004}}

In the 1923 general election Churchill lost his parliamentary seat and moved to the south of France where he wrote The World Crisis, a six-volume history of the First World War, published between 1923 and 1931. The book was well-received, although the former Prime Minister Arthur Balfour dismissed the work as "Winston's brilliant autobiography, disguised as world history".{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|pp=333–34}} At the 1924 general election Churchill returned to the Commons.{{sfn|Addison|2004}} In 1930 he wrote his first autobiography, My Early Life, after which he began his researches for His Life and Times (1933–38), a four-volume biography of his ancestor, John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=334}} Before the final volume was published, Churchill wrote a series of biographical profiles for newspapers, which were later collected together and published as Great Contemporaries (1937).{{sfn|Addison|2004}}

In May 1940, eight months after the outbreak of the Second World War, Churchill became Prime Minister. He wrote no histories during his tenure, although several collections of his speeches were published.{{sfn|Thomas|1987|pp=8–9}}{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=337}} At the end of the war he was voted out of office at the 1945 election; he returned to writing and, with a research team headed by the historian William Deakin, produced a six-volume history, The Second World War (1948–53). The books became a best-seller in both the UK and US.{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=337}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|pp=149–50}} Churchill served as Prime Minister for a second time between October 1951 and April 1955 before resigning the premiership; he continued to serve as an MP until 1964. His final major work was the four-volume work A History of the English-Speaking Peoples (1956–58).{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=338}} In 1953 Churchill was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values".[1] Churchill was almost always well paid as an author and, for most of his life, writing was his main source of income. He produced a huge portfolio of written work; the journalist and historian Paul Johnson estimates that Churchill wrote an estimated eight to ten million words in more than forty books, thousands of newspaper and magazine articles,{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=330}}{{sfn|Johnson|2009|p=11}} and at least two film scripts.{{sfn|Wenden|1993|pp=231–33}} John Gunther in 1939 estimated that he earned $100,000 a year (${{format price|{{Inflation|US-GDP|100000|1939|r=2}}}} in {{Inflation-year|US-GDP}}) from writing and lecturing, but that "of this he spends plenty".[2]

When demand was high for his newspaper and magazine articles, Churchill employed a ghostwriter.[3] During 1934, for example, Churchill was commissioned by Collier's, the News of the World, the Daily Mail - and, added that year, the Sunday Dispatch, for which the newspaper's editor, William Blackwood, employed Adam Marshall Diston to rework Churchill's old material (Churchill himself would write one new piece in every four published by the Dispatch).[3] Later in the year, when Churchill had less time to write, at the recommendation of Blackwood he employed Diston directly as his ghostwriter.[3] Diston wrote, for example, Churchill's remaining Collier's articles for the year, being paid £15 from the £350 commission Churchill received for each article.[3] Blackwood considered Diston a 'splendid journalist' and his first article written for Churchill went to print without change - this, according to David Lough, 'was the start of a partnership that would flourish for the rest of the decade'.[3] By the end of the following year, Diston had already prepared most of Churchill's 'The Great Men I Have Known' series for the News of the World in Britain and Collier's in the USA, due to appear from January 1936. Sir Emsley Carr, the British newspaper's chairman, enjoyed them so much he immediately signed up Churchill for a series in 1937.[3] The News of the World would pay nearly £400 (£12,000 today) an article.[12] Another of Churchill's ghostwriters was his Private Secretary Edward Marsh (who would at times receive up to 10% of Churchill's commission).[4][5]

American novelist of the same name

In 1899 Churchill became aware of the American novelist of the same name. He wrote to his American contemporary and offered to sign his own works "Winston Spencer Churchill",{{r|gunther1940}} adding the first half of his full surname, Spencer-Churchill, which he did not otherwise use. In practice the middle name was turned into an initial, and his pen name subsequently appeared as "Winston S. Churchill". The two men met in Boston the following year.[15]

Non-fiction

{{see also|Winston Churchill as historian}}
The non-fiction work of Churchill
Title{{sfn|Kitzan|1990|pp=83–85{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|pp=327–29{{sfn|Thomas|1986|p=11{{sfn|Nudd|1990|p=12Year of first
publication		First edition publisherNotes
{{sort|Story of the Malakand Field Force|The Story of the Malakand Field Force1898|1898}} Longman, London
{{sort|River War|The River War1899|1899}} Longman, London Edited by Colonel Francis Rhodes; two volumes; reissued in 1901 as a single work
London to Ladysmith via Pretoria1900.2|1900}} Longman, London & New York
Ian Hamilton's March1900.3|1900}} Longman, London & New York
Lord Randolph Churchill1906.1|1906}} Macmillan Publishers, London Two volumes
My African Journey1908|1908}} Hodder & Stoughton, London
{{sort|World Crisis|The World Crisis1923|1923}}–31 Butterworth, London Six volumes; abridged and revised into one volume in 1931

1 1911–1914 (1923)

2 1915 (1923)

3 1916–1918 (Part 1) (1927)

4 1916–1918 (Part 2) (1927)

5 The Aftermath (1929)

6 The Eastern Front (1931)

My Early Life1930|1930}} Butterworth, London Published in the US as A Roving Commission: My Early Life
Thoughts and Adventures1932|1932}} Butterworth, London Published in the US as Amid These Storms
His Life and Times1933|1933}}–38 Butterworth, London Four volumes
Great Contemporaries1937|1937}} Butterworth, London Revised and enlarged edition published in 1938
{{sort|Second World War|The Second World War1948.1|1948}}–53 Cassell, London Six volumes, consisting of:

1 The Gathering Storm (1948)

2 Their Finest Hour (1949)

3 The Grand Alliance (1950)

4 The Hinge of Fate (1950)

5 Closing the Ring (1951)

6 Triumph and Tragedy (1953)

Painting as a Pastime1948.2|1948}} Odhams Press, London
{{sort|History of the English-Speaking Peoples|A History of the English-Speaking Peoples1956|1956}}–58 Cassell, London Four volumes, consisting of:

1 The Birth of Britain (1956)

2 The New World (1956)

3 The Age of Revolution (1957)

4 The Great Democracies (1958)

Fiction

Churchill's fictional work
Title{{sfn|Barrett|2000|pp=43–44Year of first
publication		First edition publisherNotes
Savrola 1900 Longman, London Novel; first appeared in serial form in Macmillan's Magazine 1898–1900
"If Lee Had NOT Won the Battle of Gettysburg" in If It Had Happened Otherwise1931|1931}} Sidgwick and Jackson, London With others
{{sort|Dream|"The Dream"1947|1947}} Longman, New York Short story

Collected speeches

There are around 135 published booklets of Churchill's individual speeches, including "Mr Winston Churchill on the Education Bill" (1902), "The Fiscal Puzzle: Both Sides Explained by Leading Men'" (1903), "Why I am a Free Trader" (1905) and "Prisons and Prisoners" (1910); the following are speeches published in a collected form.{{sfn|Thomas|1987|p=12}}{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|p=327}}

Collected books of Churchill's speeches
Title{{sfn|Kitzan|1990|pp=83–85{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|pp=327–29{{sfn|Thomas|1987|p=12Year of first
publication		First edition publisherNotes
Mr Broderick's Army1903|1903}} Humphreys, London
For Free Trade1906.2|1906}} Humphreys, London
Liberalism and the Social Problem1909|1909}} Hodder & Stoughton, London
{{sort|People's Rights|The People's Rights1910.1|1910}} Hodder & Stoughton, London
Parliamentary Government and the Economic Problem1930|1930}} The Clarendon Press, Oxford
India: Speeches and an Introduction1931|1931}} Butterworth, London
Arms and the Covenant1938|1938}} George G. Harrap and Co., London Edited by Randolph Churchill; published in the US as While England Slept
Step by Step: 1936–19391939|1939}} Butterworth, London Edited by Randolph Churchill
Addresses Delivered1940|1940}} Ransohoffs, San Francisco
Into Battle1941.1|1941}} Butterworth, London Edited by Randolph Churchill; published in the US as Blood, Sweat and Tears
Broadcast Addresses1941.2|1941}} Ransohoffs, San Francisco
{{sort|Unrelenting Struggle|The Unrelenting Struggle1942|1942}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade
{{sort|End of the Beginning|The End of the Beginning1943.1|1943}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade
Winston Churchill, Prime Minister1943.2|1943}} British Information Services, New York
Onwards to Victory1944|1944}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade
{{sort|Dawn of Liberation|The Dawn of Liberation1945|1945}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade
Victory1946.1|1946}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade
Secret Sessions Speeches1946.2|1946}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade; published in the US as Winston Churchill's Secret Sessions Speeches
War Speeches1946.3|1946}} Cassell, London Edited by F B Czarnomskí
World Spotlight Turns on Westminster1946.4|1946}} Westminster College, Fulton, MO
{{sort|Sinews of Peace|The Sinews of Peace1948|1948}} Cassell, London Edited by Randolph Churchill
Europe Unite: Speeches 1947 and 19481950|1950}} Cassell, London Edited by Randolph Churchill
In the Balance: Speeches 1949 and 19501951|1951}} Cassell, London Edited by Randolph Churchill
{{sort|War Speeches|The War Speeches1952|1952}} Cassell, London Edited by Charles Eade
Stemming the Tide: Speeches 1951 and 19521953|1953}} Cassell, London Edited by Randolph Churchill
{{sort|Wisdom of Sir Winston Churchill|The Wisdom of Sir Winston Churchill1956|1956}} Allen & Unwin, London
{{sort|Unwritten Alliance|The Unwritten Alliance: Speeches 1953 and 19591961|1961}} Cassell, London Edited by Randolph Churchill
Winston S. Churchill: His Complete Speeches1974|1974}} Chelsea House, New York Edited by Robert Rhodes James

Miscellany

Title{{sfn|Kitzan|1990|pp=83–85{{sfn|Kitzan|2007|pp=327–29{{sfn|Thomas|1987|p=12Year of first
publication		First edition publisherNotes
Charles, IXth Duke of Marlborough, KG Tributes by Rt Hon W Spencer-Churchill and C C Martindale1934|1934}} Burns, Oates & Co, London With C C Martindale; reprinted from The Times
Maxims and Reflections1948|1948}} Eyre & Spottiswoode, London Collection; revised and enlarged in 1954 as Sir Winston Churchill: A Self-Portrait
{{sort|Eagle Book of Adventure Stories|The Eagle Book of Adventure Stories1950|1950}} Hulton Press, London With others
King George VI: The Prime Minister's Broadcast, February 7, 19521952|1952}} A J St Onge, Worcester, MA
Winston Churchill's Anti-Depression Proposal to Halt Inflation, Stabilize Prosperity, and Insure Full Freedom1958|1958}} Public Revenue Education Council, St. Louis, MO
Churchill: His Paintings1967|1967}} Hamish Hamilton, London Compiled by David Coombs and Minnie Churchill (later Mary Soames)
{{sort|Roar of the Lion|The Roar of the Lion1969.1|1969}} Allan Wingate, London
Joan of Arc1969.2|1969}} Dodd, Mead and Company, New York
Winston Churchill on America and Britain: A Selection of His Thoughts on America and Britain1970|1970}} Walker Foreword by Lady Churchill
Young Winston's Wars: The Original Dispatches of Winston S. Churchill, War Correspondent, 1897–19001972.2|1972}} Sphere Books, London
Great Issues 71: A Forum on Important Questions Facing the American Public1972.3|1972}} Troy State University, Troy, AL With John Glubb
If I Live My Life Again1974|1974}} W H Allen, London
{{sort|Collected Poems of Sir Winston Churchill|The Collected Poems of Sir Winston Churchill1981|1981}} Sun & Moon Press, College Park, MD Collected and edited by F. John Herbert
Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence1984|1984}} Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ Edited with commentary by Warren F. Kimball
Memories and Adventures1989|1989}} Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London
Winston Churchill and Emery Reves: Correspondence, 1937–19641997|1997}} University of Texas Press, Austin, TX
Speaking for Themselves: The Personal Letters of Winston and Clementine Churchill1998|1998}} Doubleday, London Edited by Mary Soames
{{clear}}

Notes and references

Notes

{{notes}}

References

1. ^1 UK CPI inflation numbers based on data available from Gregory Clark (2016), "[https://measuringworth.com/ukearncpi/ The Annual RPI and Average Earnings for Britain, 1209 to Present (New Series)]" MeasuringWorth. Retrieved 12 June 2016.
2. ^{{cite book | url=https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.149663/2015.149663.Inside-Europe#page/n351/mode/2up | title=Inside Europe | publisher=Harper & Brothers | author=Gunther, John | authorlink=John Gunther | location=New York | year=1940 | pages=330,332}}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 David Lough, No More Champagne: Churchill and his Money (London: Head of Zeus, 2015)
4. ^1 Roy Jenkins, Churchill: A Biography (Pan Macmillan, 2012)
5. ^Frederick Woods, Artillery of Words: The Writings of Sir Winston Churchill (London: Leo Copper, 1992)
6. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1953|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1953/index.html|work= Nobel Media|accessdate=15 February 2016}}
7. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Dockter|first1=Warren|title=The Tale of Two Winstons|journal=The Historian|date=October 2011|volume=11|pages=10–12|url=https://www.academia.edu/4085847/The_Tale_of_Two_Winstons}}
{{subscription}}[6][7]
}}

Sources

{{refbegin|30em}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Addison|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Addison|title=Churchill, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer (1874–1965)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/32413|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=6 April 2016|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/32413|year=2004|ref={{sfnRef|Addison|2004}}}} {{ODNBsub}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Baker|first=Anne Pimlott|title=Eade, Charles Stanley (1903–1964)|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/56750|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|accessdate=6 April 2016|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/56750|year=2004|ref={{sfnRef|Baker|2004}}}} {{ODNBsub}}
  • {{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Buckley Barry|title=Churchill: A Concise Bibliography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGhKT3FFfmkC&pg=PP1|year=2000|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|location=Westport, CT|isbn=978-0-313-31450-6|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Jenkins|first=Roy|authorlink=Roy Jenkins|title=Churchill|year=2012|publisher=Pan Macmillan|location=London|isbn=978-0-330-47607-2|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Johnson|first=Paul|authorlink=Paul Johnson (writer)|title=Churchill|year=2009|publisher=Viking|location=London|isbn=978-0-670-02105-5|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Kitzan|first=Laurence|contribution=Sir Winston Churchill|editor1-first=Robert|editor1-last=Beum|title=Dictionary of Literary Biography: Modern British Essayists|year=1990|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit|isbn=978-0-8103-4580-5|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Kitzan|first=Laurence|contribution=Sir Winston Churchill|editor1-first=Darren|editor1-last=Bruccoli|title=Dictionary of Literary Biography: Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature|year=2007|publisher=Gale Research|location=Detroit|isbn=978-1-4144-2863-5|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Nudd|first=Kevin|title=Winston Churchill's Early Books|journal=The Book and Magazine Collector|publisher=Diamond Publishing Group|date=June 1990|issue=75|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=David A|title=The Historical Works of Sir Winston Churchill|journal=The Book and Magazine Collector|publisher=Diamond Publishing Group|date=February 1986|issue=24|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite journal|last=Thomas|first=David A|title=The Speeches of Sir Winston Churchill|journal=The Book and Magazine Collector|publisher=Diamond Publishing Group|date=January 1987|issue=34|ref=harv}}
  • {{cite book|last=Wenden|first=D J|title=Churchill|contribution=Churchill, Radio, and Cinema|editor-last1=Blake|editor-first1=Robert B|editor-last2=Louis|editor-first2=William Roger|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1993|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-820626-2|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

External links

{{Sister project links|voy=no|wikt=no|n=no|species=no|mw=no|m=no|v=no|s=Author:Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill|b=no}}
  • {{Gutenberg author|id=Churchill,+Winston+(1874–1965|title=Winston Churchill)}}
  • {{FadedPage|id=Churchill, Winston S. (Spencer)|name=Winston S. (Spencer) Churchill|author=yes}}
  • {{Internet Archive author|sname=Winston Churchill |dname=Winston Churchill}}
  • {{Librivox author|id=678|title=Winston Churchill}}
  • Collected Churchill Podcasts and speeches
  • {{Hansard-contribs|mr-winston-churchill|Winston Churchill}}
  • The Churchill Centre website
  • Winston Churchill Memorial and Library at Westminster College, Missouri
  • Locations of correspondence and papers of Churchill at the UK National Archives
{{Winston Churchill}}{{featured list}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Churchill, Winston, as writer}}

2 : Bibliographies of British writers|Winston Churchill
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