| 词条 | Wipe test counter |
| 释义 |
A wipe test counter is a device used to measure for possible radioactive contamination in a variety of environments. When using radioactive materials it is necessary to test for accidental contamination, whether from use of liquid unsealed sources or to check for leaking sealed sources. A swab or small absorbent smear can be used to “wipe” an area, the wipe is then placed into a test tube and counted, typically using a gamma counter. Testing for leaks in this manner is a method described in the ISO 9978 standard.[1] EquipmentSurvey instruments may be used to detect surface contamination without requiring wiping, however this requires careful calibration and technique to ensure adequate sensitivity is achieved.[2]A gamma counter is a typical choice for measuring wipe samples for radioactivity as it allows multiple tests to be counted in a largely automated way.These systems detect radiation using a scintillator and photomultiplier tube and may allow the energy spectrum of a sample to be recorded, which can be used to identify the contaminant.[3][4] Use of a gamma camera has also been proposed, where collimators are removed to improve sensitivity.[5] RegulationWipe testing is typically a requirement of licenses to hold radioactive materials. In the United States the Nuclear Regulatory Commission requires wipe testing of sealed sources "periodically" using equipment sensitive down to 185 Becquerels.[6] In the United Kingdom the Health and Safety Executive guidance for the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 requires wipe testing (usually every two years) and it is also likely to be a requirement of Environment Agency permits.[7][8] In Australia licence conditions may require adherence to Australian standard AS2243.4 and ISO 9978 for wipe testing of sealed sources.[9] References1. ^{{cite web|title=ISO 9978:1992 Radiation protection -- Sealed radioactive sources -- Leakage test methods|url=https://law.resource.org/pub/us/cfr/ibr/004/iso.9978.1992.pdf|website=Public.Resource.Org|accessdate=27 February 2017}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Wipe Test Counter}}2. ^{{cite web|title=Information Notice No. NO. 93-30: NRC Requirements for Evaluation of Wipe Test Results; Calibration of Count Rate Survey Instruments|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/gen-comm/info-notices/1993/in93030.html|website=Nuclear Regulatory Commission|accessdate=27 February 2017|language=en|date=12 April 1993}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Rayburn|first1=Stephen R|title=The Foundations of Laboratory Safety a Guide for the Biomedical Laboratory|date=1990|publisher=Springer New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=9781461233206|page=206|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_3UBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA206}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Lombardi|first1=Max H|title=Radiation Safety in Nuclear Medicine.|date=2006|publisher=CRC Press|location=Hoboken|isbn=9780849381799|page=129|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Q3NBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA129}} 5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Friede|first1=Juan|last2=Dumesnil|first2=Cecile|last3=Caron|first3=Camille|title=Gamma Camera and Computer-Assisted Wipe Tests: A Simple Method|journal=Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology|date=1990|volume=18|issue=1|pages=49–51|url=http://tech.snmjournals.org/content/18/1/49.short|language=en|issn=0091-4916}} 6. ^{{cite web|title=10 CFR 39.35 Leak testing of sealed sources.|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part039/part039-0035.html|website=Nuclear Regulatory Commission|accessdate=27 February 2017|language=en}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Health & Safety Commission|title=Work with ionising radiation : Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 approved code of practice and guidance|date=2000|publisher=HSE Books|location=London|isbn=9780717617463|url=http://www.hse.gov.uk/pubns/books/l121.htm}} 8. ^{{cite web|title=Sealed sources: how to comply with your EPR RSR environmental permit|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/rsr-environmental-permit-how-to-compy-sealed-sources|website=Environment Agency|accessdate=27 February 2017|language=en|date=2011}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Wipe Testing of Sealed Sources & Use of Sealed Sources Beyond Recommended Working Life|url=http://www.arpansa.gov.au/pubs/regulatory/licenceholders/OS-COM-SUP-270A.pdf|website=Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency|accessdate=27 February 2017|date=February 2013}} 2 : Radiation health effects|Particle detectors |
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