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词条 World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights
释义

  1. The charter

  2. The text

  3. Development of a human rights approach

  4. Opposition

  5. See also

  6. References

The World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights is a declaration of rights adopted in 1985 to protect the rights of prostitutes worldwide.[1][2] It was adopted by the International Committee for Prostitutes’ Rights (ICPR).

The charter

The distinction between voluntary and forced prostitution was developed by the prostitutes' rights movement in response to feminists and others who saw all prostitution as abusive. The World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights calls for the decriminalisation of "all aspects of adult prostitution resulting from individual decisions."[3] The World Charter also states that prostitutes should be guaranteed "all human rights and civil liberties," including the freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, and motherhood, and the right to unemployment insurance, health insurance and housing.[4] Furthermore the World Charter calls for protection of "work standards," including the abolition of laws which impose any systematic zoning of prostitution, and calls for prostitutes having the freedom to choose their place of work and residence, and to "provide their services under the conditions that are absolutely determined by themselves and no one else."[4] The World Charter also calls for prostitutes to pay regular taxes "on the same basis as other independent contractors and employees," and to receive the same benefits for their taxes.[4]

In an article announcing the adoption of the World Charter, the United Press International reported: "Women from the world's oldest profession, some wearing exotic masks to protect their identity, appealed Friday at the world's first international prostitutes' convention for society to stop treating them like criminals."[5]

The text

Laws[6]
  • Decriminalize all aspects of adult prostitution resulting from individual decision.
  • Decriminalize prostitution and regulate third parties according to standard business codes. It must be noted that existing standard business codes allow abuse of prostitutes. Therefore special clauses must be included to prevent the abuse and stigmatization of prostitutes (self-employed and others).
  • Enforce criminal laws against fraud, coercion, violence, child sexual abuse, child labor, rape, racism everywhere and across national boundaries, whether or not in the context of prostitution.
  • Eradicate laws that can be interpreted to deny freedom of association, or freedom to travel, to prostitutes within and between countries. Prostitutes have rights to a private life.
Human Rights
  • Guarantee prostitutes all human rights and civil liberties, including the freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, and motherhood and the right to unemployment insurance, health insurance and housing.
  • Grant asylum to anyone denied human rights on the basis of a "crime of status," be it prostitution or homosexuality.
Working Conditions
  • There should be no law which implies systematic zoning of prostitution. Prostitutes should have the freedom to choose their place of work and residence. It is essential that prostitutes can provide their services under the conditions that are absolutely determined by themselves and no one else.
  • There should be a committee to insure the protection of the rights of the prostitutes and to whom prostitutes can address their complaints. This committee must be {{sic|comprised |hide=y|of}} prostitutes and other professionals like lawyers and supporters.
  • There should be no law discriminating against prostitutes associating and working collectively in order to acquire a high degree of personal security.
Health
  • All women and men should be educated to periodical health screening for sexually transmitted diseases. Since health checks have historically been used to control and stigmatize prostitutes, and since adult prostitutes are generally even more aware of sexual health than others, mandatory checks for prostitutes are unacceptable unless they are mandatory for all sexually active people.
Services
  • Employment, counseling, legal, and housing services for runaway children should be funded in order to prevent child prostitution and to promote child well-being and opportunity.
  • Prostitutes must have the same social benefits as all other citizens according to the different regulations in different countries.
  • Shelters and services for working prostitutes and re-training programs for prostitutes wishing to leave the life should be funded.
Taxes
  • No special taxes should be levied on prostitutes or prostitute businesses.
  • Prostitutes should pay regular taxes on the same basis as other independent contractors and employees, and should receive the same benefits.
Public Opinion
  • Support educational programs to change social attitudes which stigmatize and discriminate against prostitutes and ex-prostitutes of any race, gender or nationality.
  • Develop educational programs which help the public to understand that the customer plays a crucial role in the prostitution phenomenon, this role being generally ignored. The customer, like the prostitute, should not, however, be criminalized or condemned on a moral basis.
  • We are in solidarity with workers in the sex industry.
Organization
  • Organizations of prostitutes and ex-prostitutes should be supported to further implementation of the above charter.

Development of a human rights approach

The World Charter emerged from the prostitutes' rights movement starting in the mid-1970s. It was established through the two World Whores Congresses held in Amsterdam (1985) and Brussels (1986) which epitomised a worldwide prostitutes' rights movement and politics.[7][8] The Charter established a human rights based approach which has subsequently been further elaborated by the prostitutes' rights movement.[11]

In 1999, the Santa Monica Mirror commented on the popularization of the term "sex worker" as an alternative to "whore" or "prostitute" and credited the World Charter, among others, for having "articulated a global political movement seeking recognition and social change."[9]

In 2000, the Carnegie Council published a report commenting on the results of the World Charter, fifteen years after its adoption.[10] The report concluded that the human rights approach embodied in the World Charter had proved "extremely useful for advocates seeking to reduce discrimination against sex workers."[10] For example, human rights advocates in Australia utilized the language of human rights to resist “mandatory health tests” for sex workers and to require that information regarding health be kept confidential.[10] However, the report also found that efforts to define prostitution as a human rights abuse had led some governments to take action to abolish the sex industry.[10]

And in 2003, a writer in the journal "Humanist" noted that the World Charter had become "a template used by human rights groups all over the world."[11]

Opposition

The World Charter was initially met with scepticism and ridicule. Time reported: "Just what were all those hookers doing in the hallowed halls of the European Parliament in Brussels last week? The moral outrage echoing in the corridors may have suggested that a re-creation of Sodom and Gomorrah was being staged. Reason: about 125 prostitutes, including three men, were attending the Second World Whores Congress."[8] The Philadelphia Daily News asked, "Does it contain a layoff clause?"[12] Another writer referred to it derisively as "a Magna Carta for whores".[13]

The Charter remains controversial, as some feminists consider prostitution to be one of the most serious problems facing women, particularly in developing countries. In Jessica Spector's 2006 book Prostitution and Pornography, Vednita Carter and Evelina Giobbe offer the following critique of the Charter:

"Pretending prostitution is a job like any other job would be laughable if it weren't so serious. Leading marginalized prostituted women to believe that decriminalization would materially change anything substantive in their lives as prostitutes is dangerous and irresponsible. There are no liberating clauses in the World Charter. Pimps are not 'third party managers.'"[14]

See also

  • A Vindication of the Rights of Whores
  • COYOTE
  • International Day to End Violence Against Sex Workers
  • Margo St. James
  • Sex worker rights
  • Sex worker

References

1. ^{{cite book|author=Kamala Kempadoo, Jo Doezema |title=Global Sex Workers, pp. 19–20|publisher=Routledge|year=1998|isbn=0-415-91828-6}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Melissa Hope Ditmore|title=Encyclopedia of Prostitution and Sex Work, p. 625|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2006|isbn=0-313-32968-0}}
3. ^{{cite book |title= Global Sex Workers |last=Kempadoo |first=Kamala |authorlink= |author2=Jo Doezema |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=9780415918299 |pages=37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiJztJAgUTMC&dq=forced+prostitution&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 }}
4. ^1 2   World Charter for Prostitutes' Rights
5. ^{{cite news|title=Prostitutes Appeal For Decriminalization|publisher=St. Petersburg Times|date=1986-02-16|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=c9sOAAAAIBAJ&sjid=1HwDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6964,44854&dq=world+charter+for+prostitutes+rights}}
6. ^International Committee for Prostitutes' Rights (ICPR), Amsterdam 1985, Published in Pheterson, G (ed.), A Vindication of the Rights of Whores. Seattle: Seal Press, 1989. (p.40)
7. ^{{cite book |title= Global Sex Workers |last=Kempadoo |first=Kamala |authorlink= |author2=Jo Doezema |year=1998 |publisher=Routledge |location= |isbn=9780415918299 |pages=19–20 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fiJztJAgUTMC&dq=forced+prostitution&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 }}
8. ^1 {{cite news|title=World Notes Belgium|publisher=Time|date=2006-10-13|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,962548,00.html}}
9. ^{{cite news|author=Amalia Cabezos |title=Hookers in the House of the Lord |publisher=Santa Monica Mirror |date=July 28 – August 4, 1999 |url=http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue6/hooker.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20080820101422/http://www.smmirror.com/Volume1/issue6/hooker.html |archivedate=August 20, 2008 |df= }}
10. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|author=Penelope Saunders|title=Fifteen Years after the World Charter for Prostitutes’ Rights|date=2000-08-06|publisher=Carnegie Council|url=http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_03/articles/629.html/:pf_printable}}
11. ^{{cite news|author=Kimberly Klinger|title=Prostitution humanism and a woman's choice — Perspectives on Prostitution|publisher=Humanist|date=Jan–Feb 2003|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1374/is_1_63/ai_96417149/pg_2}}
12. ^{{cite news|title=Does It Contain A Layoff Clause?|publisher=Philadelphia Daily News|date=1985-02-15|url=http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=DN&s_site=philly&p_multi=PI%7cDN&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB2977A98A83CD9&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM}}
13. ^{{cite news|title=House of ill repute|publisher=The Daily Pennsylvanian|date=1996-03-06|url=http://media.www.dailypennsylvanian.com/media/storage/paper882/news/1996/03/06/Resources/Column.House.Of.Ill.Repute-2174331.shtml}}
14. ^{{cite book|author=Jessica Spector (editor) |title=Prostitution and Pornography: Philosophical Debate about the Sex Industry, p. 35|year=2006|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0-8047-4938-8}}

1 : Sex workers' rights
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