“World Chess Championship 1894”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The fifth World Chess Championship was held in New York City (games 1-8), Philadelphia (games 9-11) and Montreal (games 12-19) between March 15 and May 26, 1894. Holder William Steinitz lost his title to challenger Emanuel Lasker, who was 32 years his junior.

Buildup

Reigning World Champion Steinitz publicly spoke of retiring; Emanuel Lasker challenged him, and he changed his mind. Initially Lasker wanted to play for $5,000 a side and a match was agreed at stakes of $3,000 a side, but Steinitz agreed to a series of reductions when Lasker found it difficult to raise the money, and the final figure was $2,000 each, which was less than for some of Steinitz's earlier matches (the final combined stake of $4,000 would be worth about $495,500 at 2007 values^[1]). Although this was publicly praised as an act of sportsmanship on Steinitz's part,^[2] Steinitz may have desperately needed the money.^[3]

Results

Steinitz had previously declared he would win without doubt, so it came as a shock when Lasker won the first game. Steinitz responded by winning the second, and was able to maintain the balance until the sixth. However, Lasker won all the games from the seventh to the 11th. When the match resumed in Montreal, Steinitz looked in better shape and won the 13th and 14th games. Lasker struck back in the 15th and 16th, and Steinitz was unable to compensate for his losses in the middle of the match. Hence Lasker won with ten wins, five losses and four draws.^[4]^[5] Some commentators thought Steinitz's habit of playing "experimental" moves in serious competition was a major factor in his downfall.^[6]

References

1. ^Using incomes for the adjustment factor, as the outcome depended on a few months' hard work by the players; if prices are used for the conversion, the result is about $99,500 - see {{cite web | url=http://www.measuringworth.com/uscompare/ | title=Six Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a U.S. Dollar Amount, 1774 to Present | accessdate=2008-11-19}} However, Lasker later published an analysis showing that the winning player got $1,600 and the losing player $600 out of the $4,000, as the backers who had bet on the winner got the rest: {{cite journal | journal=Lasker's Chess Magazine | volume=1 |date=January 1905 | title=From the Editorial Chair | author=Emanuel Lasker | url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lasker's_Chess_Magazine/Volume_1 | accessdate=2008-05-31 }}
2. ^{{cite journal | journal=New York Times | date=11 March 1894 | title=Ready for a big chess match | url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1894/03/11/106900358.pdf | accessdate=2008-11-19 | format=PDF}} Note this article implies that the final combined stake was US $4,500, but Lasker's financial analysis says it was $4,000: {{cite journal | journal=Lasker's Chess Magazine | volume=1 |date=January 1905 | title=From the Editorial Chair | author=Emanuel Lasker | url=http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Lasker's_Chess_Magazine/Volume_1 | accessdate=2008-05-31 }}
3. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.chessville.com/reviews/SteinitzPapers.htm | title=The Steinitz Papers - review | accessdate=2008-11-19 }}
4. ^{{cite book | author=Giffard, Nicolas | year=1993 | title=Le Guide des Échecs | language=French | publisher=Éditions Robert Laffont | page=394}}
5. ^{{cite web | url=http://www.chessville.com/instruction/Lasker_v_Steinitz/instr_annogames_laskervsteinitz1894.htm | title=Lasker v. Steinitz - World Championship Match 1894 | accessdate=2008-05-30}}
6. ^{{cite journal | journal=New York Times | date=August 14, 1900 | title=William Steinitz dead | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9E06E4DC1039E733A25757C1A96E9C946197D6CF | accessdate=2008-11-19 }} Also available in 2 parts at {{cite web | url=http://www.rookhouse.com/blog/?p=177 | title= Steinitz Obituary (Part 1 of 2) | accessdate=2008-11-19 }} and {{cite web | url=http://www.rookhouse.com/blog/?p=182 | title= Steinitz Obituary (Part 2 of 2) | accessdate=2008-11-19 }}

Buildup

Results

References

External links