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词条 World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America
释义

  1. The list

     Albania  Austria  Belarus  Bulgaria  Canada  Croatia  Czech Republic  Czech Republic and Poland  Denmark  Estonia  Finland  France  France and Germany  France and Italy  Germany  Greece  Hungary  Ireland  Isle of Man  Israel  Italy  Latvia  Lithuania  Montenegro  Netherlands  North Macedonia  Poland  Portugal  Portugal and Spain  Romania  Romania and Ukraine  Russian Federation  Serbia  Slovakia  Slovenia  Spain  Sweden  Switzerland  Turkey  Ukraine  United Kingdom  United States of America 

  2. References

  3. Further reading

  4. External links

Under UNESCO’s Man and Biosphere Reserve Programme, there are 302 biosphere reserves recognized as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves in Europe and North America (as of April 2016). These are distributed across 36 countries in the region.[1][2]

Biosphere reserves operating under the UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme aim to achieve three mandate management objectives of conservation, sustainable socio-economic development, and logistic support.[3]

{{TOC right}}

The list

Below is the list of biosphere reserves in Europe and North America, organized by country/territory, along with the year these were designated as part of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.

The list does not include the Intercontinental Biosphere Reserve of the Mediterranean, a biosphere reserve shared between Morocco and Spain, which has been classified as part of the Arab States region.

Albania

  • Ohrid-Prespa (2014) (shared with North Macedonia)

Austria

  • (Gossenköllesee (1977) - withdrawn in 2014)
  • (Gurgler Kamm (1977) - withdrawn in 2014)
  • (Lobau (1977) - withdrawn in 2016)
  • (Neusiedler See (1977) - withdrawn in 2016)
  • Großwalsertal (since 2000)
  • Wienerwald (since 2005)
  • Salzburger Lungau & Kärntner Nockberge (since 2012)

Belarus

  • Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve (1978)
  • Belovezhskaya Pushcha (1993)
  • West Polesie Transboundary Biosphere Reserve (2004)

Bulgaria

  • ({{ill|Dupkata|bg|Дупката}} (1977, withdrawn in 2017)[4]
  • (Kamtchia (1977, withdrawn in 2017))[4]
  • ({{ill|Kupena|bg|Купена}} (1977, withdrawn in 2017))[4]
  • (Steneto (1977, merged in 2017))
  • (Boatin (1977, merged in 2017))
  • (Tsarichina (1977, merged in 2017))
  • (Dzhendema (1977, merged in 2017))
  • Ali Botush (1977)
  • Bistrishko Branishte (1977)
  • Bayuvi Dupki–Dzhindzhiritsa (1977) (in Pirin National Park)
  • Mantaritza (1977)
  • Uzunbodzhak (1977)
  • Parangalitsa (1977) (in Rila National Park)
  • Srebarna (1977)
  • {{ill|Chervenata stena|bg|Червената стена}} (1977)
  • Chuprene (1977)
  • Central Balkan National Park (created in 2017 by merging four extant reserves)[4]

Canada

  • Mont Saint Hilaire (1978)
  • Waterton (1979)
  • Long Point (1986)
  • Riding Mountain (1986)
  • Charlevoix (1988)
  • Niagara Escarpment (1990)
  • Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve (2000)
  • Redberry Lake (2000)
  • Lac Saint-Pierre (2000)
  • Mount Arrowsmith (2000)
  • Southwest Nova (2001)
  • Frontenac Arch (2002)
  • Georgian Bay Littoral (2004)
  • Manicouagan Uapishka (2007)
  • Fundy (2007)
  • Bras d'Or Lake (2011)
  • Beaver Hills (2016)
  • Tsá Tué (2016)

Croatia

  • Velebit Mountain (1977)
  • Mura Drava Danube (2012)

Czech Republic

  • Krivoklátsko (1977)
  • Trebon Basin (1977)
  • Sumava (1990)
  • Bílé Karpaty (1996)
  • Lower Morava (2003)

Czech Republic and Poland

  • Krkonose / Karkonosze (1992)

Denmark

  • North-East Greenland (1977)
  • Møn (2017)[4]

Estonia

  • West Estonian Archipelago (1990)

Finland

  • North Karelian (1992)
    • Petkeljärvi National Park
    • Patvinsuo National Park
  • Archipelago Sea Area (1994)

France

  • Commune de Fakarava (1977)
  • Vallée du Fango (1977)
  • Camargue (Rhône River Delta) (1977)
  • Cévennes (1984)
  • Iroise (1988)
  • Mont Ventoux (1990)
  • Archipel de la Guadeloupe (1992)
  • Luberon (1997)
  • Forest of Fontainebleau (1998)
  • Dordogne Watershed (2012)
  • Marais Audomarois (2013)
  • Gorges du Gardon (2015)

France and Germany

  • Palatinate Forest–North Vosges (1998)

France and Italy

  • Monte Viso (2014)

Germany

  • Middle Elbe (1979)
  • Vessertal-Thuringian Forest (1979)
  • Bavarian Forest (1981)
  • Berchtesgaden Alps (1990)
  • Wadden Sea and Hallig Islands of Schleswig-Holstein (1990)
  • Schorfheide-Chorin (1990)
  • Spreewald (1991)
  • Rügen (1991)
  • Rhön (1991)
  • Lower Saxon Wadden Sea (1992)
  • Hamburg Wadden Sea (1992)
  • Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape (1996)
  • Schaalsee (2000)
  • Bliesgau (2009)
  • Swabian Alb (2009)
  • Black Forest (2017)[4]
See also: {{Commonscat-inline|Biosphere reserves in Germany}}

Greece

  • Gorge of Samaria (1981)
  • Mount Olympus (1981)

Hungary

  • Aggtelek National Park(1979)
  • Hortobágy National Park (1979)
  • Kiskunság National Park (1979)
  • Pilis (1980)
  • Fertő-Hanság National Park (1991) UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1979

Ireland

  • North Bull Island (1981)
  • Killarney (1982)

Isle of Man

  • Isle of Man (2016) - entire territory and territorial seas

Israel

  • Mount Carmel (1996)
  • Megiddo (2011; formerly "Ramat Menashe")[4]

Italy

  • Collemeluccio-Montedimezzo (1977)
  • Circeo (1977)
  • Miramare (1979)
  • Cilento and Vallo di Diano (1997)
  • Somma-Vesuvio and Miglio d'Oro (1997)
  • Valle del Ticino (2002)
  • Tuscan Islands (2003)
  • Selva Pisana (2004)
  • Monviso (2013)
  • Sila (2014)
  • Tepilora, Rio Posada and Montalbo (2017)[4]
  • Monte Peglia (2018)[5]
  • Valle Camonica - Alto Sebino (2018)[5]

Latvia

  • North Vidzeme (1997)

Lithuania

  • Žuvintas (2002)

Montenegro

  • Tara River Basin (1976)

Netherlands

  • Waddensea Area (1986, withdrawn 2018)[6]
  • Maasheggen (2018)

North Macedonia

  • Ohrid-Prespa (2014) (shared with Albania)

Poland

{{main|Biosphere Reserves of Poland}}
  • Babia Góra Massif (1976)
  • Białowieża Forest (1976)
  • Łuknajno Lake (1976)
  • Słowiński (1976)
  • Tatra Mountains (1992) (Cross-border with Slovakia)
  • Karkonosze (1992) (shared with the Czech Republic)
  • East Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)
  • Kampinos Forest (2000)
  • West Polesie (2002) (Cross-border with Ukraine and Belarus) (2012)
  • Tuchola Forest (2010)

Portugal

  • Paúl do Boquilobo (1981)
  • Corvo Island (2007)
  • Graciosa Island (2007)
  • Flores Island (2009)
  • Castro Verde (2017)[4]

Portugal and Spain

  • Geres/Xures (2009)
  • Meseta Ibérica (2015)

Romania

  • Pietrosul Mare (1979)
  • Retezat (1979)

Romania and Ukraine

  • Danube Delta (1998)

Russian Federation

  • Kavkazskiy (1978)
  • Okskiy (1978)
  • Prioksko-Terrasnyi (1978)
  • Sikhote-Alin (1978)
  • Tsentral'no-Chernozemny (1978)
  • Nevski Prospekhetee (1984)
  • Kronotskiy (1984)
  • Laplandskiy (1984)
  • Pechoro-Ilychskiy (1984)
  • Sayano-Shushenskiy (1984)
  • Sokhondinskiy (1984)
  • Voronezhskiy (1984)
  • Tsentral'nolesnoy (1985)
  • Barguzinskyi (1986)
  • Baikalskyi (1986)
  • Tzentralnosibirskii (1986)
  • Chernyje Zemli (1993)
  • Taimyrsky (1995)
  • Ubsunorskaya Kotlovina (1997)
  • Daursky (1997)
  • Teberda (1997)
  • Katunsky (2000)
  • Nerusso-Desnianskoe-Polesie (2001)
  • Visimskiy (2001)
  • Vodolozerskiy (2001)
  • Commander Islands (2002)
  • Darvinskiy (2002)
  • Nijegorodskoe Zavolje (2002)
  • Smolensk Lakeland (2002)
  • Ugra (2002)
  • Far East Marine (2003)
  • Kedrovaya Pad (2004)
  • Kenozerskiy (2004)
  • Valdaisky (2004)
  • Khankaiskiy (2005)
  • Middle Volga Integrated Biosphere Reserve (2006)
  • Great Volzhsko-Kamsky (2007)
  • Rostovsky (2008)
  • Altaisky (2009)
  • Kizlyar Bay (2017)[4]
  • Metsola (2017)[4]
  • Great Altai (2017)(encompassing Katun Nature Reserve in Russia and Katon-Karagay National Park in Kazakhstan)[4]

Serbia

  • Golija-Studenica (2001)
  • Bačko Podunavlje (2017)[4]

Slovakia

  • Slovenský Kras (1977)
  • Poľana (1990)
  • Tatra Mountains (1992) (Cross-border with Poland)
  • East Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)

Slovenia

  • Julian Alps (2003)
  • The Karst (2004)
  • Mura River (2018)[5]

Spain

  • Grazalema (1977)
  • Ordesa-Viñamala (1977)
  • Montseny Natural Park (1978)
  • Doñana (1980)
  • Mancha Húmeda (1980)
  • Las Sierras de Cazorla y Segura (1983)
  • Marismas del Odiel (1983)
  • La Palma (1983)
  • Urdaibai (1984)
  • Sierra Nevada (1986)
  • Cuenca Alta del Río Manzanares (1992)
  • Lanzarote (1993)
  • Menorca (1993)
  • Sierra de las Nieves y su Entomo (1995)
  • Cabo de Gata-Nijar (1997)
  • Isla de El Hierro (2000)
  • Bardenas Reales (2000)
  • Muniellos, Gran Cantábrica (2000)
  • Somiedo (2000)
  • Redes (2001)
  • Las Dehesas de Sierra Morena (2002)
  • Terras do Miño (2002)
  • Valle de Laciana (2003)
  • Picos de Europa (2003)
  • Monfragüe (2003)
  • Valles del Jubera, Leza, Cidacos y Alhama (2003)
  • Babia (2004)
  • Alto de Bernesga (2005)
  • Los Valles de Omaña y Luna (2005)
  • Los Argüellos (2005)
  • Área de Allariz (2005)
  • Gran Canaria (2005)
  • Sierra del Rincón (2005)
  • Os Ancares Lucenses e Montes de Cervantes (2006)
  • Los Ancares Leoneses (2006)
  • Las Sierras de Béjar y Francia (2006)
  • Río Eo, Oscos e Terras de Buron (2007)
  • Fuerteventura (2009)
  • As Mariñas Coruñesas e Terras do Mandeo (2013)
  • Terres de l'Ebre (2013)
  • Real Sitio de San Ildefonso-El Espinar (2013)
  • Macizo de Anaga (2015)
  • Ponga (2018)[5]

See also Portugal and Spain.

Sweden

  • (Lake Torne Area (1986) - withdrawn in 2010)
  • Kristianstad Vattenrike (2005)
  • East Vättern Scarp Landscape (2012)

Switzerland

{{See also|Nature parks in Switzerland}}
  • Swiss National Park (1979)
  • Entlebuch Biosphere (2001)
  • Biosfera Val Müstair (2010)

Turkey

  • Camili (2005)

Ukraine

{{main|Biosphere Preserves of Ukraine}}
  • Chernomorskiy (1984)
  • Askaniya-Nova (1985)
  • Carpathian (1992)
  • East Carpathian (1998) (Cross-border with Slovakia and Ukraine)
  • Shatskiy (2002)
  • Desnianskyi (2009)
  • Roztochya (2011)

See also Romania and Ukraine.

United Kingdom

  • Beinn Eighe (1976)
  • Braunton Burrows (1976), extended 2002 as North Devon's Biosphere Reserve
  • Cairnsmore of Fleet (1976)
  • Biosffer Dyfi (1976)
  • (Loch Druidibeg (1976) - withdrawn 2013)
  • (Moor House-Upper Teesdale (1976) - withdrawn 2012)
  • (North Norfolk Coast (1976) - withdrawn 2014)
  • Silver Flowe-Merrick Kells (1976)
  • (Taynish (1977) - withdrawn 2010)
  • Galloway and southern Ayrshire (2012)
  • Brighton and Lewes Downs (2014)
  • Wester Ross (2016)

United States of America

  • Big Bend (1976)
  • Cascade Head (1976)
  • Channel Islands (1976)
  • Denali (1976)
  • Everglades & Dry Tortugas (1976)
  • Glacier (1976)
  • Jornada (1976)
  • Luquillo (1976)
  • Olympic (1976)
  • Organ Pipe Cactus (1976)
  • Rocky Mountain (1976)
  • San Joaquin (1976)
  • Sequoia-Kings Canyon (1976)
  • Yellowstone (1976)
  • University of Michigan Biological Station (1979)
  • Virginia Coast (1979)
  • Hawaiian Islands (1980)
  • Isle Royale (1980)
  • Big Thicket (1981)
  • Guanica (1981)
  • Central Gulf Coast Plain (1983)
  • South Atlantic Coastal Plain (1983)
  • Mojave and Colorado Deserts (1984)
  • Glacier Bay-Admiralty Island (1986)
  • Golden Gate (1988)
  • New Jersey Pinelands (1988)
  • Southern Appalachian (1988)
  • Champlain-Adirondak (1989)
  • Mammoth Cave Area (1990)
Sites withdrawn in 2017[
//#4'>4]:
  • (Aleutian Islands (1976–2017))
  • (Beaver Creek (1976–2017))
  • (California Coast Ranges (1983–2017))
  • (Carolinian-South Atlantic (1986–2017))
  • (Central Plains (1976–2017))
  • (Coram (1976–2017))
  • (Desert (1976–2017))
  • (Fraser (1976–2017))
  • (H.J. Andrews (1976–2017))
  • (Hubbard Brook (1976–2017))
  • (Konza Prairie (1978))
  • (Land Between the Lakes (1991–2017))
  • (Niwot Ridge (1979–2017))
  • (Noatak (1976–2017))
  • (Stanislaus-Tuolumne (1976–2017))
  • (Three Sisters (1976–2017))
  • (Virgin Islands (1976–2017))
Sites withdrawn in 2018[
//#5'>5]
  • San Dimas (1976–2018)

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=Europe & North America|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/|website=Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development|publisher=UNESCO}}
2. ^{{cite web|title=Biosphere reserves withdrawn from the World Network of Biosphere reserves|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/withdrawal-of-biosphere-reserves/|website=Ecological Sciences for Sustainable Development|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=26 May 2016}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Van|first=Cuong, Chu|last2=Peter|first2=Dart,|last3=Marc|first3=Hockings,|date=2017|title=Using Enhancing our heritage toolkit for assessing management effectiveness of the Kien Giang Biosphere Reserve|url=https://viurrspace.ca/handle/10613/5091|journal=International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves|language=en|volume=1 |issue=2|pages=56–76|doi=10.25316/ir-77|via=VIUSpace}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|url=http://en.unesco.org/news/23-new-sites-added-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves |title=23 new sites added to UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves |publisher=UNESCO |date=14 June 2017}}
5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://en.unesco.org/news/twenty-four-new-sites-join-unesco-s-world-network-biosphere-reserves|title=Twenty-four new sites join UNESCO’s World Network of Biosphere Reserves 26 July 2018|date=26 July 2018|author=UNESCO|accessdate=5 September 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/europe-north-america/|title=Europe & North America: 292 biosphere reserves in 37 countries|accessdate=5 September 2018}}

Further reading

  • International Journal of UNESCO Biosphere Reserves. eISSN 2371-7890. Some contents archived at https://viurrspace.ca/handle/10613/5083

External links

  • List of UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves of Europe & North America
{{Biosphere Reserves}}

1 : Biosphere reserves
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