| 词条 | New General Catalogue |
| 释义 |
The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated as NGC) is a catalogue of deep-sky objects compiled by John Louis Emil Dreyer in 1888. It expands upon the cataloguing work of William and Caroline Herschel, and John Herschel's General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars. The NGC contains 7,840 objects, known as the NGC objects. It is one of the largest comprehensive catalogues, as it includes all types of deep space objects, including galaxies, star clusters, emission nebulae and absorption nebulae. Dreyer also published two supplements to the NGC in 1895 and 1908, known as the Index Catalogues, describing a further 5,386 astronomical objects. Objects in the sky of the southern hemisphere are catalogued somewhat less thoroughly, but many were observed by John Herschel or James Dunlop. The NGC had many errors, but an attempt to eliminate them was initiated by the NGC/IC Project in 1993, after partial attempts with the Revised New General Catalogue (RNGC) by Jack W. Sulentic and William G. Tifft in 1973, and NGC2000.0 by Roger W. Sinnott in 1988. The Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue (abbreviated as RNGC/IC) was compiled in 2009 by Wolfgang Steinicke. Original catalogue{{See also|List of NGC objects|Category:NGC objects}}The original New General Catalogue was compiled during the 1880s by John Louis Emil Dreyer using observations from William Herschel and his son John, among others. Dreyer had already published a supplement to Herschel's General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters (GC),[1] containing about 1,000 new objects. In 1886, he suggested building a second supplement to the General Catalogue, but the Royal Astronomical Society asked Dreyer to compile a new version instead. This led to the publication of the New General Catalogue in the Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society in 1888.[2][3] Assembling the NGC was a challenge, as Dreyer had to deal with many contradicting and unclear reports, made with a variety of telescopes with apertures ranging from 2 to 72 inches. While he did check some himself, the sheer number of objects meant Dreyer had to accept them as published by others for the purpose of his compilation. The catalogue contained several errors, mostly relating to position and descriptions, but Dreyer referenced the catalogue, which allowed later astronomers to review the original references and publish corrections to the original NGC.[4] Index Catalogue{{See also|Category:IC objects}}The first major update to the NGC is the Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (abbreviated as IC), published in two parts by Dreyer in 1895 (IC I,[5] containing 1,520 objects) and 1908 (IC II,[6] containing 3,866 objects). It serves as a supplement to the NGC, and contains an additional 5,386 objects, collectively known as the IC objects. It summarizes the discoveries of galaxies, clusters and nebulae between 1888 and 1907, most of them made possible by photography. A list of corrections to the IC was published in 1912.[7] Revised New General CatalogueThe Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects (abbreviated as RNGC) was compiled by Jack W. Sulentic and William G. Tifft in the early 1970s, and was published in 1973, as an update to the NGC.[8] The work did not incorporate several previously-published corrections to the NGC data (including corrections published by Dreyer himself), and introduced some new errors.{{clarify|an example is needed|date=January 2018}}[4] Nearly 800 objects are listed as "non-existent" in the RNGC. The designation is applied to objects which are duplicate catalogue entries, those which were not detected in subsequent observations, and a number of objects catalogued as star clusters which in subsequent studies were regarded as coincidental groupings. A 1993 monograph considered the 229 star clusters called non-existent in the RNGC. They had been "misidentified or have not been located since their discovery in the 18th and 19th centuries".[9] It found that one of the 229—NGC 1498—was not actually in the sky. Five others were duplicates of other entries, 99 existed "in some form", and the other 124 required additional research to resolve.[10] As another example, reflection nebula NGC 2163 in Orion was classified "non-existent" due to a transcription error by Dreyer. Dreyer corrected his own mistake in the Index Catalogues, but the RNGC preserved the original error, and additionally reversed the sign of the declination, resulting in NGC 2163 being classified as non-existent.[11] NGC 2000.0NGC 2000.0 (also known as the Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog of Nebulae and Star Clusters) is a 1988 compilation of the NGC and IC made by Roger W. Sinnott, using the J2000.0 coordinates.[12][13] It incorporates several corrections and errata made by astronomers over the years.[4]NGC/IC ProjectThe NGC/IC Project is a collaboration formed in 1993. It aims to identify all NGC and IC objects, and collect images and basic astronomical data on them.[14] Revised New General Catalogue and Index CatalogueThe Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue (abbreviated as RNGC/IC) is a compilation made by Wolfgang Steinicke in 2009.[15][16] It is a comprehensive and authoritative treatment of the NGC and IC catalogues.[17][18] See also
References1. ^{{cite journal |last=Dreyer |first=J. L. E. |date=1878 |title=A Supplement to Sir John Herschel's "General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars" |url=https://archive.org/details/supplementtosirj00dreyrich |journal=Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy |volume=26 |issue= |pages=391–426 |bibcode=1878RIATr..26..381D |jstor=30079091}} 2. ^{{Cite book | last=Bradt | first=H. | date=2004 | title=Astronomy Methods: A Physical Approach to Astronomical Observations | pages=52 | publisher=Cambridge University Press | isbn=978-0-521-53551-9}} 3. ^{{cite journal |last=Dreyer |first=J. L. E. |date=1888 |title=A New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, being the Catalogue of the late Sir John F.W. Herschel, Bart., revised, corrected, and enlarged |url=https://archive.org/download/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich/newgeneralcatalo00dreyrich.pdf |journal=Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=49 |issue= |pages=1–237 |bibcode=1888MmRAS..49....1D}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |last=Corwin |first=H.G. Jr. |date=12 October 1999 |title=The NGC/IC Project: An Historical Perspective |url=http://www.ngcicproject.org/history.htm |publisher=The NGC/IC Project |accessdate=2012-04-22}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last=Dreyer |first=J. L. E. |date=1895 |title=Index Catalogue of Nebulae found in the years 1888 to 1894, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue |journal=Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=51 |issue= |pages=185–228 |bibcode=1895MmRAS..51..185D}} 6. ^{{cite journal |last=Dreyer |first=J. L. E. |date=1910 |title=Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars; containing objects found in the years 1895 to 1907, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888–94 |url=https://archive.org/download/secondindexcatal00dreyrich/secondindexcatal00dreyrich.pdf |journal=Memoirs of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=59 |issue= |pages=105–198 |bibcode=1910MmRAS..59..105D}} 7. ^{{cite journal |last=Dreyer |first=J. L. E. |date=1912 |title=Corrections to the New General Catalogue resulting from the revision of Sir William Herschel's Three Catalogues of Nebulae |journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society |volume=73 |issue= |pages=37–40 |bibcode=1912MNRAS..73...37D |doi=10.1093/mnras/73.1.37}} 8. ^{{cite book |last=Sulentic |first=J. W. |last2=Tifft |first2=W. G. |date=1973 |title=The Revised New Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects |publisher=University of Arizona Press |isbn=978-0-8165-0421-3|bibcode=1973rncn.book.....S }} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Monograph No. 1 - The "Non-Existent" Star Clusters of the RNGC|url=http://www.webbdeepsky.com/nebulae-clusters/mono1|website=Webb Deep-Sky Society|accessdate=29 May 2017}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Allison|first1=Mark|title=Star Clusters and How to Observe Them|date=4 April 2006|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|pages=62–63|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AgkCl1L1G2cC&pg=PA62|accessdate=29 May 2017|isbn=9781846281983}} 11. ^{{cite book|last1=O'Meara|first1=Stephen James|title=Deep Sky Companions: Hidden Treasures|date=12 April 2007|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=175–176|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a6VY0Q1zsJoC&pg=PA176|accessdate=30 May 2017|isbn=9781139463737}} 12. ^{{cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=NGC2000 - NGC2000.0: Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog |url=http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/all/ngc2000.html |publisher=Goddard Space Flight Center |accessdate=2012-04-22}} 13. ^{{cite book |last=Sinnott |first=R. W. |date=1988 |title=NGC 2000.0: The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogues of Nebulae and Star Clusters |publisher=Sky Publishing |isbn=978-0-933346-51-2}} 14. ^{{cite web |last=Erdmann |first=R. E. |date=2010 |title=The NGC/IC Project |url=http://www.ngcicproject.org/ |publisher=The NGC/IC Project |accessdate=2012-04-22}} 15. ^{{cite web |last=Steinicke |first=W. |date=17 January 2012 |title=Revised New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue |url=http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/ngcic/rev2000/Explan.htm |website= |publisher= |accessdate=2012-04-22}} 16. ^{{cite book |last=Steinicke |first=W. |date=2010 |title=Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters: From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-19267-5}} 17. ^{{cite journal |last=Duerbeck |first=H. W. |date=2009 |title=Book Review: Nebel und Sternhaufen - Geschichte ihrer Entdeckung Beobachtung und Katalogisierung (Steinicke) |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |volume=12 |issue=3 |page=255 |bibcode=2009JAHH...12..255D}} 18. ^{{cite journal |last=Duerbeck |first=H. W. |date=2011 |title=Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters. From Herschel to Dreyer's New General Catalogue (Steinicke) |journal=Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage |volume=14 |issue=1 |page=78 |bibcode=2011JAHH...14Q..78D}} External links{{Commons category|NGC objects}}{{Commons category|IC objects}}
5 : Astronomical catalogues|NGC objects|IC objects|1888 documents|1888 in science |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。