“Wyalusing Area School District”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Wyalusing Area School District is a small enrollment, rural, public school district in northern Pennsylvania. It spans portions of two counties. Wyalusing Area School District encompasses approximately {{convert|273|sqmi|km2}}. In southeastern Bradford County the District serves the Boroughs of New Albany and Wyalusing and Albany Township, Herrick Township, Overton Township, Stevens Township, Terry Township, Tuscarora Township, Wilmot Township and Wyalusing Township. In northwestern Wyoming County it serves the Borough of Laceyville and Braintrim Township and the northern and eastern portions of Windham Township. According to 2010 federal census data, it serves a resident population of 9,202. In 2009, the Wyalusing Area School District residents’ per capita income was $16,780, while the median family income was $38,279.^[8] In the Commonwealth, the median family income was $49,501^[9] and the United States median family income was $49,445, in 2010.^[10] By 2013, the median household income in the United States rose to $52,100.^[11]

According to District officials, in school year 2009-10, the Wyalusing Area School District provided basic educational services to 1,500 pupils through the employment of 110 teachers, 65 full-time and part-time support personnel, and 9 administrators. Wyalusing Area School District received more than $9.9 million in state funding in school year 2009-10.

Wyalusing Area School District operates Wyalusing Valley Elementary School and Wyalusing Valley Junior-Senior High School. The Wyalusing Area School District consolidated its elementary schools. Four elementary schools in the District were closed and replaced with a new Wyalusing Valley Elementary School. Closed schools were: Camptown Elementary School, New Albany Elementary School, Laceyville Elementary School and Wyalusing Elementary School.

Governance

Wyalusing Area School District is governed by 9 individually elected board members (serve four-year terms), the Pennsylvania State Board of Education, the Pennsylvania Department of Education and the Pennsylvania General Assembly.^[12] The federal government controls programs it funds like Title I funding for low-income children in the Elementary and Secondary Education Act and the No Child Left Behind Act, which mandates the district focus resources on student success in acquiring reading and math skills. School board positions are divided into three regions with 3 members elected from each regions.

The Superintendent and Business Manager are appointed by the school board. The Superintendent is the chief administrative officer with overall responsibility for all aspects of operations, including education and finance. The Business Manager is responsible for budget and financial operations. Neither of these officials are voting members of the School Board. The School Board enters into individual employment contracts for these positions. In Pennsylvania, public school districts are required to give 150 days notice to the Superintendent regarding renewal of the employment contract.^[13]

The Commonwealth Foundation for Public Policy Alternatives Sunshine Review gave the school board and district administration an "F" for transparency based on a review of "What information can people find on their school district's website". It examined the school district's website for information regarding; taxes, the current budget, meetings, school board members names and terms, contracts, audits, public records information and more.^[14]

Academic achievement

Wyalusing Area School District was ranked 352nd out of 498 Pennsylvania school districts by the Pittsburgh Business Times in 2014.^[15] The ranking is based on the last 3 years of student academic achievement as demonstrated by PSSAs results in: reading, writing, math and science and the three Keystone Exams (literature, Algebra 1, Biology I) in high school.^[16] Three school districts were excluded because they do not operate high schools (Saint Clair Area School District, Midland Borough School District, Duquesne City School District). The PSSAs are given to all children in grades 3rd through 8th. Adapted PSSA examinations are given to children in the special education programs. Writing exams were given to children in 5th and 8th grades.

In 2012, the Pittsburgh Business Times also reported an Overachievers Ranking for 498 Pennsylvania school districts. Wyalusing Area School District ranked 315th.^[22] The editor describes the ranking as: "a ranking answers the question - which school districts do better than expectations based upon economics? This rank takes the Honor Roll rank and adds the percentage of students in the district eligible for free and reduced-price lunch into the formula. A district finishing high on this rank is smashing expectations, and any district above the median point is exceeding expectations."^[23]

US News and World Report ranking In 2012, Wyalusing Area Junior Senior High School was recognized by US News and World Report as a Bronze level high school in a nationwide school ranking.^[25] The study was conducted by American Institutes for Research which examined how many students attained performance levels that exceed statistical expectations given the school's relative level of student poverty, as measured by state accountability test scores for all the school's students in the core subjects of reading and math. The study also examined the success rate for the school's least advantaged student groups (e.g., black, Hispanic, and economically disadvantaged students) that exceed state averages. The study included 752 high schools in Pennsylvania, including traditional public schools, public charter schools and public magnet schools.^[26] In Pennsylvania, 136 public high schools achieved a Bronze rating in 2012; 49 achieved a silver rating and 7 received a gold rating. The highest ranking went to Julia R. Masterman Laboratory and Demonstration School in the School District of Philadelphia in Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania.

District Adequate Yearly Progress

In 2012, Wyasuling Area School District declined to Warning Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status due to lagging student achievement in reading and mathematics.^[27] In both 2011 and 2010, Wyalusing Area School District achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) status.^[28] In 2011, 94 percent of the 500 Pennsylvania public school districts achieved the No Child Left Behind Act progress level of 72% of students reading on grade level and 67% of students demonstrating on grade level math. In 2011, 46.9 percent of Pennsylvania school districts achieved Adequate Yearly Progress (AYP) based on student performance. An additional 37.8 percent of school districts made AYP based on a calculated method called safe harbor, 8.2 percent on the growth model and 0.8 percent on a two-year average performance. The District has achieved AYP status every year since 2003.^[29]

Graduation rate

In 2013, Wyalusing Area School District's graduation rate was 80.85%.^[30] In 2012, Wyalusing Area School District's graduation rate was 82%.^[31] In 2011, the graduation rate at Wyalusing Area School District was 91%.^[32] In 2010, the Pennsylvania Department of Education issued a new, 4-year cohort graduation rate. Wyalusing Junior Senior High School's rate was 84% for 2010.^[33]

High school

Wyalusing Valley Junior Senior High School is located at 11364 Wyalusing New Albany Road, Wyalusing. In 2013, enrollment was 636 reported as pupils in 7th through 12th grades, with 34.75% of pupils eligible for free or reduced price lunch. Additionally, 16% receiving special education services, while 4.09% of pupils were identified as being gifted.^[38] The school employed 48 teachers.^[39] Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the school's teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.

According to the National Center for Education Statistics, in 2010, the School reported an enrollment of 686 pupils in grades 7th through 12th, with 251 pupils eligible for a federal free or reduced-price lunch. The school employed 47 teachers, yielding a student–teacher ratio of 14:1.^[40] According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under No Child Left Behind.^[41]

Wyalusing Valley Junior Senior High School achieved 79.1 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level reading, writing, mathematics and science achievement. In reading/literature, 70.8% of pupils tested were on grade level. For Algebra 1/mathematics, 70% showed on grade level math skills. In Biology/science, just 52% showed on grade level science understanding. In writing, only 64.5% of 8th graders demonstrated on grade level writing skills.^[42] According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 2,181 public schools (less than 73 percent of Pennsylvania public schools), achieved an academic score of 70 or higher. Pennsylvania 11th grade students no longer take the PSSAs. Instead, beginning in 2012, they take the Keystone Exams at the end of the associated course.^[43]

In 2012, Wyalusing Valley Junior Senior High School declined to Warning AYP Status due to a low graduation rate and low student academic achievement in reading and mathematics.^[44] In 2011, Wyalusing Junior Senior High School achieved AYP status.^[45] In 2010, the School was in Warning status due to lagging student achievement in reading and mathematics.^[46]

In 2013, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania changed its high school assessments to the Keystone Exams in Algebra 1, Reading/literature and Biology1. The exams are given at the end of the course, rather than all in the spring of the student's 11th grade year.^[48]

Science in Motion Wyalusing Junior Senior High School does not take advantage of a state program called Science in Motion which brought college professors and sophisticated science equipment to the school to raise science awareness and to provide inquiry-based experiences for the students. The Science in Motion program was funded by a state appropriation and cost the school nothing to participate.^[65] Wilkes University provides the enrichment experiences to schools in the region.

College remediation rate

According to a Pennsylvania Department of Education study released in January 2009, 11% of the Wyalusing Junior Senior High School graduates required remediation in mathematics and or reading before they were prepared to take college level courses in the Pennsylvania State System of Higher Education or community colleges.^[66] Less than 66% of Pennsylvania high school graduates, who enroll in a four-year college in Pennsylvania, will earn a bachelor's degree within six years. Among Pennsylvania high school graduates pursuing an associate degree, only one in three graduate in three years.^[67] Per the Pennsylvania Department of Education, one in three recent high school graduates who attend Pennsylvania's public universities and community colleges takes at least one remedial course in math, reading or English.

Dual enrollment

Wyalusing Junior Senior High School offers a dual enrollment program. This state program permits high school students to take courses, at local higher education institutions, to earn college credits. Students remain enrolled at their high school. The courses count towards high school graduation requirements and towards earning a college degree. The students continue to have full access to activities and programs at their high school. The college credits are offered at a deeply discounted rate at Keystone College. For several years, the state offered a small grant to assist students in costs for tuition, fees and books.^[68] Under the Pennsylvania Transfer and Articulation Agreement, many Pennsylvania colleges and universities accept these credits for students who transfer to their institutions.^[69] For the 2009-10 funding year, Wyalusing Area School District received a state grant of $8,3574 for the program.^[70] Under state rules, other students that reside in the district, who attend a private school, a charter school or are homeschooled are eligible to participate in this program.^[71] In 2010, Governor Edward Rendell eliminated the grants to students, from the Commonwealth, due to a state budget crisis.

Graduation requirements

The Wyalusing Area School Board has determined that a pupil must earn 24 credits to graduate, including: Mathematics 4 credits, English 4 credits, social studies 4 credits, science 4 credits, Computer .33 credit, Physical Education, Health, Drivers ED 2.67 credits and electives 5 credits.^[72]

By law, all Pennsylvania secondary school students must complete a project as a part of their eligibility to graduate from high school. The type of project, its rigor and its expectations are set by the individual school district.^[73] Effective with the graduating class of 2017, the Pennsylvania State Board of Education eliminated the state mandate that students complete a culminating project in order to graduate.^[74]

By Pennsylvania School Board regulations, beginning with the class of 2017, public school students must demonstrate successful completion of secondary level course work in Algebra I, Biology, and English Literature by passing the Keystone Exams.^[75] The exam is given at the end of the course. Keystone Exams replace the PSSAs for 11th grade. Students have several opportunities to pass the exam, with those who do not able to perform a project in order to graduate.^[76]^[77] For the class of 2019, a Composition exam will be added. For the class of 2020, passing a civics and government exam will be added to the graduation requirements.^[78] In 2011, Pennsylvania high school students field tested the Algebra 1, Biology and English Lit exams. The statewide results were: Algebra 1 38% on grade level, Biology 35% on grade level and English Lit - 49% on grade level.^[79] Individual student, school or district reports were not made public, although they were reported to district officials by the Pennsylvania Department of Education. Students identified as having special needs and qualifying for an Individual Educational Program (IEP) may graduate by meeting the requirements of their IEP.

SAT scores

In 2013, Wyalusing Area School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 497. The Math average score was 509. The Writing average score was 464. The College Board reported that statewide scores were: 494 in reading, 504 in math and 482 in writing. The nationwide SAT results were the same as in 2012.^[80]

In 2012, 53 Wyalusing Area School District students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 471. The Math average score was 511. The Writing average score was 451. The statewide Verbal SAT exams results were: Verbal 491, Math 501, Writing 480. In the US, 1.65 million students took the exams achieving scores: Verbal 496, Math 514, Writing 488. According to the College Board the maximum score on each section was 800, and 360 students nationwide scored a perfect 2,400.

In 2011, 72 Wyalusing students took the SAT exams. The District's Verbal Average Score was 487. The Math average score was 496. The Writing average score was 440.^[81] Pennsylvania ranked 40th among states with SAT scores: Verbal - 493, Math - 501, Writing - 479.^[82] In the United States, 1.65 million students took the exam in 2011. They averaged 497 (out of 800) verbal, 514 math and 489 in writing.^[83]

The Pennsylvania Department of Education compared the SAT data of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania to students in urban areas. From 2003 to 2005, the average total SAT score for students in rural Pennsylvania was 992, while urban students averaged 1,006. During the same period, 28 percent of 11th and 12th graders in rural school districts took the exam, compared to 32 percent of urban students in the same grades. The average math and verbal scores were 495 and 497, respectively, for rural students, while urban test-takers averaged 499 and 507, respectively. Pennsylvania's SAT composite score ranked low on the national scale in 2004. The composite SAT score of 1,003 left Pennsylvania ranking 44 out of the 50 states and Washington, DC.^[84]

The Pennsylvania Department of Education reported that 71 percent of students in rural areas of Pennsylvania chose to continue their education after high school in 2003, whereas 79 percent of urban high school graduates opted to continue their education.

AP Courses

In 2013, Wyalusing Valley Junior Senior High School offered 8 Advanced Placement (AP) courses at a higher cost than regular courses. Students have the option of taking College Board approved courses and then taking the College Board's examination in the Spring. Students, who achieve a 3 or better on the exam, may be awarded college credits at US universities and colleges. Each higher education institution sets its own standards about what level of credits are awarded to a student based on their AP exam score. Most higher education give credits for scores of 4 or 5. Some schools also give credits for scores of 3. High schools give credits towards graduation to students who take the school's AP class. At Wyalusing Valley Junior Senior High School less than ten (10) of students who took an AP course earned a 3 or better on the exam.^[85]

Seventh and eighth grade

Elementary school

Wyalusing Valley Elementary School is located at 11450 Wyalusing-New Albany Road, Wyalusing. In 2013, the School's enrollment was 731 pupils in grades kindergarten through 6th, with 44% of pupils receiving a federal free or reduced price meals due to family poverty. Additionally, 12.4% of the pupils receive special education services, while less than 1% are identified as gifted.^[90] According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of the teachers were rated highly qualified under No Child Left Behind. The School provides full day kindergarten in 2013.^[91] The school is a federally designated Title I school.

Wyalusing Valley Elementary School was formed in 2012 from the consolidation of the District's four elementary schools. A faculty realignment was part of the process. The new school provides grades kindergarten through 6th grade. According to a report by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 100% of its teachers were rated "Highly Qualified" under the federal No Child Left Behind Act.^[92] Wyalsuing Area School District has provided full-day kindergarten since 2003.

Wyalusing Valley Elementary School achieved a score of 82.7 out of 100. The score reflects on grade level: reading, science, writing and mathematics achievement. In 2012-13, only 65% of the students were reading on grade level in grades 3rd through 5th. In 3rd grade, 80% of the pupils were reading on grade level. In math, just 69% were on grade level (3rd-5th grades). In 4th grade science, 83% of the pupils demonstrated on grade level understanding. In writing only 55% of 5th grade pupils demonstrated on grade level writing skills.^[93]

In 2012, Wyalusing Valley Elementary School was in Warning AYP status due to lagging achievement in reading and mathematics.^[94]

Each year, in the Spring, the 3rd graders take the PSSAs in math and reading. The fourth grade is tested in reading, math and science. The fifth grade is evaluated in reading, mathematics and writing. Pennsylvania System of School Assessments, commonly called PSSAs are No Child Left Behind Act related examinations which were administered beginning 2003 to all Pennsylvania public school students in grades 3rd-8th.^[95] The goal was for 100% of students to be on grade level or better in reading and mathematics, by the Spring of 2014.^[96]^[97]^[98] The tests focused on the state's Academic Standards for reading, writing, mathematics and science. The Science exam is given to 4th grades and includes content in science, technology, ecology and the environmental studies.^[99]

Special education

In December 2011, Wyalusing Area School District administration reported that 210 pupils or 14.9% of the District's pupils received Special Education services, with 55.2% having specific learning disabilities.^[107] In December 2010, the District Administration reported that 195 pupils or 13.5% of the district's pupils received Special Education services.^[108] The District Administration reported that 51.3% of the district's pupils who were identified for Special Education services had specific learning disabilities in 2009.

Wyalusing Area School District received a $848,054 supplement for special education services in 2010.^[109] For the 2011-12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required.^[110]^[111]

In 2010, the state of Pennsylvania provided $1,026,815,000 for Special Education services. This funding is in addition to the state's basic education per pupil funding, as well as, all other state and federal funding.^[112] The Pennsylvania Special Education funding system assumes that 16% of the district's students receive special education services. It also assumes that each student's needs accrue the same level of costs.^[113] The state requires each district to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students.^[114] Overidentification of students, in order to increase state funding, has been an issue in the Commonwealth. Some districts have more than 20% of its students receiving special education services while others have 10% supported through special education.^[115] The state requires each public school district and charter school to have a three-year special education plan to meet the unique needs of its special education students.^[116] In 2012, the Obama Administration's US Department of Education issued a directive that schools include students with disabilities in extracurricular activities, including sports.^[117]

The Wyalusing Area School District received a $848,054 supplement for special education services in 2010.^[118] For the 2011-12, 2012–13 and 2013-14 school years, all Pennsylvania public school districts received the same level of funding for special education that they received in 2010-11. This level funding is provided regardless of changes in the number of pupils who need special education services and regardless of the level of services the respective students required.^[119]^[120] Additionally, the state provides supplemental funding for extraordinarily impacted students. The District must apply for this added funding.

Gifted education

The Wyalusing Area School District Administration reported that 22 or 1.53% of its students were gifted in 2009. The highest percentage of gifted students reported among all 500 school districts and 100 public charter schools in Pennsylvania was North Allegheny School District with 15.5% of its students identified as gifted.^[121] By law, the district must provide mentally gifted programs at all grade levels. The referral process for a gifted evaluation can be initiated by teachers or parents by contacting the student's building principal and requesting an evaluation. All requests must be made in writing to the administration. To be eligible for mentally gifted programs in Pennsylvania, a student must have a cognitive ability of at least 130 as measured on a standardized ability test by a certified school psychologist. Other factors that indicate giftedness will also be considered for eligibility. Once a students is designated as gifted in one school district, that must be honored by all Pennsylvania public school districts and charter schools should the student move.^[122]^[123]

Budget

Pennsylvania public school districts budget and expend funds according to procedures mandated by the General Assembly and the Pennsylvania Department of Education (PDE). An annual operating budget is prepared by school district administrative officials. A uniform form is furnished by the PDE and submitted to the board of school directors for approval prior to the beginning of each fiscal year on July 1.

Under Pennsylvania's Taxpayer Relief Act, Act 1 of the Special Session of 2006, all school districts of the first class A, second class, third class and fourth class must adopt a preliminary budget proposal. The proposal must include estimated revenues and expenditures and the proposed tax rates. This proposed budget must be considered by the Board no later than 90 days prior to the date of the election immediately preceding the fiscal year. The preliminary budget proposal must also be printed and made available for public inspection at least 20 days prior to its adoption. The board of school directors may hold a public hearing on the budget, but are not required to do so. The board must give at least 10 days’ public notice of its intent to adopt the final budget according to Act 1 of 2006.^[124]

In 2012, the average teacher salary in Wyalusing Area School District was $65,237 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers received was $20,560 per employee, for a total annual average teacher compensation of $85,798.^[125] The District employed 115 teachers with an average salary of $65,928 and a top salary of $98,000.^[126]

In 2009, Wyalusing Area School District reported employing 119 teachers and administrators with a median salary of $61,444 and a top salary of $116,022.^[127] The teacher's work day is with 186 days in the contract year. Additionally, the teachers receive a defined benefit pension, health insurance, professional development reimbursement, paid personal days, 10 paid sick days, and other benefits, including a retirement bonus.^[128]^[129] In 2011, the average teacher salary in Wyalusing Area School District was $62,204.43 a year, while the cost of the benefits teachers receive was $17,149.59 per employee, for a total annual average teacher compensation of $79,354.02.^[130] According to a study conducted at the American Enterprise Institute, in 2011, public school teachers’ total compensation is roughly 50 percent higher than they would likely receive in the private sector. The study found that the most generous benefits that teachers receive are not accounted for in many studies of compensation, including: pension, retiree health benefits and job security.^[131]

Wyalusing Area School District administrative costs per pupil in 2008 was $615.69 per pupil. The lowest administrative cost per pupil in Pennsylvania was $398 per pupil.^[137] The Pennsylvania School Boards Association collects and maintains statistics on salaries of public school district employees in Pennsylvania. According to the association's report, the average salary for a superintendent, for the 2007-08 school year, was $122,165. Superintendents and administrators receive a benefit package commensurate with that offered to the district's teachers' union.^[138]

Wyalusing Area School District faces a challenge in the rapidly rising costs of teachers' pensions. The Administration reports the payment is expected to rise dramatically by 2015. District's mandated pension contribution FY 2009-10, $573,000; FY 2010-11, $616,000; FY 2011/12, $950,000; FY 2012-13, $2.6 million; FY 2013-14, $2.9 million; FY 2014-15, $3 million. The pension payment will consume a large part of the budget necessitating reductions in other areas. The amount school districts contribute to the PSERS )Pennsylvania School Employees Retirement System) is mandated by the state.^[141] Overstaffing by retaining teachers even as enrollment declines has exacerbated the pension crisis across the Commonwealth.

The District administration and School Board spend over $20,000 annually to belong to a variety of organizations, including Pennsylvania School Board Association, Pennsylvania Association for Rural and Small Schools ($940 per year), Pennsylvania Association of School Administrators (PASA) and PASBO - Pennsylvania Association of School Business Officials.^[142]

Wyalusing Area School District is among a group of Pennsylvania public school districts that receive revenues from Marcellus Shale production. Specifically, the Wyalusing Area School District leased land to the industry. It received both lease revenue $400,000 and royalties of 20%.^[144]^[145]

Contract student services In 2013, the District entered into an Agreement with PA Treatment & Healing (PATH) for the 2013-14 school year to serve district students who are placed in Alternative Education for Disruptive Youth at their South Montrose site at a per diem rate of $59.54 per student.

Wyalusing Area School District is funded by a combination of: a local earned income tax 1.44%, Per capita taxes $10, a property tax, a real estate transfer tax 0.5%, coupled with substantial funding from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and the federal government.^[148] Interest earnings on accounts also provide nontax income to the district. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, pension income and Social Security income are exempted from state personal income tax and local earned income tax, regardless of the level of the individual's personal wealth.^[149] The average Pennsylvania public school teacher pension in 2011 exceeds $60,000 a year plus they receive federal Social Security benefits: both are free of Pennsylvania state income tax and local income tax which funds local public schools.^[150]

State basic education funding

According to a report from Representative Todd Stephens office, Wyalusing Area School District receives 51.9% of its annual revenue from the state.^[151]

For the 2012-13 school year, Wyalusing Area School District received $6,616,427 in state basic education funding.^[154] The Governor's Executive Budget for 2012-2013 includes $9.34 billion for kindergarten through 12th grade public education, including $5.4 billion in basic education funding, which is an increase of $49 million over the 2011-12 budget. The state also provides $100 million for the Accountability Block grant. The state will also provide $544.4 million for School Employees’ Social Security and $856 million for School Employees’ Retirement fund called PSERS.^[155] This amount is a $21,823,000 increase (0.34%) over the 2011-2012 appropriations for Basic Education Funding, School Employees' Social Security, Pupil Transportation, Nonpublic and Charter School Pupil Transportation. Governor Corbett's first two budgets restored more than $918 million in support of public schools, compensating for the $1 billion in federal stimulus dollars lost at the end of the 2010-11 school year.

In the 2010-2011 budget year, the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania provided a 3.11% increase in Basic Education Funding for a total of $6,974,057. Among the districts in Bradford County, the highest increase went to Towanda Area School District which got a 6.36% increase. One hundred fifty Pennsylvania school districts received the base 2% increase. The highest increase in 2010-11 went to Kennett Consolidated School District in Chester County which received a 23.65% increase in state funding.^[160] The state's hold harmless policy regarding state basic education funding continued where each district received at least the same amount as it received the prior school year, even where enrollment had significantly declined. The amount of increase each school district received was set by Governor Edward Rendell and then Secretary of Education Gerald Zahorchak, as a part of the state budget proposal given each February. This was the second year of Governor Rendell's policy to fund some districts at a far greater rate than others.

The state Basic Education Funding to the District in 2008-09 was $4,787,151.79. According to the Pennsylvania Department of Education, 514 district students received free or reduced-price lunches due to low family income in the 2007–2008 school year.^[165]

Accountability Block Grants

Beginning in 2004-2005, the state launched the Accountability Block Grant school funding. This program has provided $1.5 billion to Pennsylvania's school districts. The Accountability Block Grant program requires that its taxpayer dollars are focused on specific interventions that are most likely to increase student academic achievement. These interventions include: teacher training, all-day kindergarten, lower class size K-3rd grade, literacy and math coaching programs that provide teachers with individualized job-embedded professional development to improve their instruction, before or after school tutoring assistance to struggling students. For 2010-11, the district applied for and received $259,690 in addition to all other state and federal funding. The district uses the funding to provide full-day kindergarten for over 100 pupils.^[166]^[167]

Classrooms for the Future grant

The Classroom for the Future state program provided districts with hundreds of thousands of extra state funding to buy laptop computers for each core curriculum high school class (English, Science, History, Math) and paid for teacher training to optimize the computers use. The program was funded from 2006-07 to 2008-09. The Wyalusing Area School District did not apply to participate in 2006-07, in 2007-08 nor in 2008-09.^[169] Wyalusing Area School District was one of fifty (50) Pennsylvania public school districts that failed to apply to participate in the state grant. The grant program was discontinued by Governor Edward Rendell as part of the 2009-10 state budget.^[170]

Other grants

The District did not participate in: Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection's Environmental Education annual grants, PA Science Its Elementary grants (discontinued effective with 2009-10 budget by Governor Rendell), Education Assistance Grants, 2012 Striving Readers Comprehensive Literacy grant, 2012 and 2013 Pennsylvania Hybrid Learning Grants ^[171] nor the federal 21st Century Learning grants.

Federal Stimulus grant

Wyalusing Area School District received an extra $2,263,612 in ARRA - Federal Stimulus money to be used in specific programs like special education and meeting the academic needs of low-income students.^[172]^[173] The funding was limited to the 2009-10 and 2010-2011 school years.^[174] Due to the temporary nature of the funding, schools were repeatedly advised to use the funds for one-time expenditures like acquiring equipment, making repairs to buildings, training teachers to provide more effective instruction or purchasing books and software.

Race to the Top grant

Wyalusing Area School District officials did not apply for the federal Race to the Top grant which would have provided nearly $1 million in additional federal funding to improve student academic achievement.^[175]^[176] Participation required the administration, the school board and the local teachers' union to sign an agreement to prioritize improving student academic success. In Pennsylvania, 120 public school districts and 56 charter schools agreed to participate.^[177] Pennsylvania was not approved for the grant. The failure of districts to agree to participate was cited as one reason that Pennsylvania was not approved.^[178]^[179]^[180]

Common Cents state initiative

Wyalusing Area School Board elected to participate in the Pennsylvania Department of Education Common Cents program.^[181] The program called for the state to audit the district, at no cost to local taxpayers, to identify ways the district could save tax dollars.^[182] After the review of the information, the district was not required to implement the recommended cost savings changes. In April 2009, the Board approved all the recommendations received from the Common Cents Shared Services Initiative.^[183]

Real estate taxes

Wyalusing Area School Board set the millage for real estate at 42.7659 mills for Bradford County property owners and 58.6634 mills for property owners in Wyoming County, for 2013-14 school year.^[184]

A mill is $1 of tax for every $1,000 of a property's assessed value. Irregular property reassessments have become a serious issue in the commonwealth as it creates a significant disparity in taxation within a community and across a region.^[185] Property taxes, in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, apply only to real estate - land and buildings. The property tax is not levied on cars, business inventory, or other personal property. Certain types of property are exempt from property taxes, including: places of worship, places of burial, private social clubs, charitable and educational institutions and government property. Additionally, service related, disabled US military veterans may seek an exemption from paying property taxes. Pennsylvania school district revenues are dominated by two main sources: 1) Property tax collections, which account for the vast majority (between 75-85%) of local revenues; and 2) Act 511 tax collections, which are around 15% of revenues for school districts.^[186] When the school district includes municipalities in two counties, each of which has different rates of property tax assessment, a state board equalizes the tax rates between the counties.^[187] In 2010, miscalculations by the State Tax Equalization Board (STEB) were widespread in the Commonwealth and adversely impacted funding for many school districts, including those that did not cross county borders.^[188]

The average yearly property tax paid by Bradford County residents amounts to about 3.06% of their yearly income. Bradford County ranked 365th out of the 3143 United States counties for property taxes as a percentage of median income.^[195] In Wyoming County, residents pay 3.73% of their income in property taxes ranking 304th in the USA. According to a report prepared by the Pennsylvania Department of Education, the total real estate taxes collected by all school districts in Pennsylvania rose from $6,474,133,936 in 1999-00 to $10,438,463,356 in 2008-09 and to $11,153,412,490 in 2011.^[196] Property taxes in Pennsylvania are relatively high on a national scale. According to the Tax Foundation, Pennsylvania ranked 11th in the U.S. in 2008 in terms of property taxes paid as a percentage of home value (1.34%) and 12th in the country in terms of property taxes as a percentage of income (3.55%).^[197]

Act 1 Adjusted Index

The Act 1 of 2006 Index regulates the rates at which each school district can raise property taxes in Pennsylvania. Districts are not permitted to raise property taxes above that Index unless they either: allow voters to vote by referendum or they seek an exception from the state Department of Education. The base index for the 2011-2012 school year is 1.4 percent, but the Act 1 Index can be adjusted higher, depending on a number of factors, such as property values and the personal income of district residents. Act 1 included 10 exceptions, including: increasing pension costs, increases in special education costs, a catastrophe like a fire or flood, increase in health insurance costs for contracts in effect in 2006 or dwindling tax bases. The base index is the average of the percentage increase in the statewide average weekly wage, as determined by the PA Department of Labor and Industry, for the preceding calendar year and the percentage increase in the Employment Cost Index for Elementary and Secondary Schools, as determined by the Bureau of Labor Statistics in the U.S. Department of Labor, for the previous 12-month period ending June 30. For a school district with a market value/personal income aid ratio (MV/PI AR) greater than 0.4000, its index equals the base index multiplied by the sum of .75 and its MV/PI AR for the current year.^[198] In June 2011, the Pennsylvania General Assembly eliminated six of the ten exceptions to the Act 1 Index.^[199] Several exceptions were maintained: 1) costs to pay interest and principal on indebtedness incurred prior to September 4, 2004 for Act 72 schools and prior to June 27, 2006 for non-Act 72 schools; 2) costs to pay interest and principal on electoral debt; 3) costs incurred in providing special education programs and services (beyond what is already paid by the State); and 4) costs due to increases of more than the Index in the school's share of payments to PSERS (PA school employees pension fund) taking into account the state mandated PSERS contribution rate.^[200]^[201] A specific timeline for Act I Index decisions is published annually, by the Pennsylvania Department of Education.^[202]

The School District Adjusted Index for the School District 2006-2007 through 2011-2012.^[203]

For the 2013-14 budget year, Wyalusing Area School Board applied for an exception to exceed their Act 1 Index limit due to School Construction

Grandfathered Debt. The board was approved by the PDE to exceed the tax limit. For the school budget year 2013-14, 311 Pennsylvania public school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index. Another 171 school districts adopted a preliminary budget leaving open the option of exceeded the Index limit. For the exception for pension costs, 89 school districts received approval to exceed the Index in full while others received a partial approval of their request. For special education costs, 75 districts received approval to exceed their tax limit. For the pension costs exception, 169 school districts received approval to exceed the Index. Eleven Pennsylvania public school districts received an approval for grandfathered construction debts.^[208]

According to a state report, for the 2011-2012 school year budgets, 247 school districts adopted a resolution certifying that tax rates would not be increased above their index; 250 school districts adopted a preliminary budget. Of the 250 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget, 231 adopted real estate tax rates that exceeded their index. Tax rate increases in the other 19 school districts that adopted a preliminary budget did not exceed the school district's index. Of the districts who sought exceptions: 221 used the pension costs exemption and 171 sought a Special Education costs exemption. Only 1 school district sought an exemption for Nonacademic School Construction Project, while 1 sought an exception for Electoral debt for school construction.^[211]

Wyalusing Area School Board applied for several exceptions to exceed the Act 1 index for the budget in 2010-2011, including rising teacher pension costs, School Construction Grandfathered Debt and School Construction Academic Project.^[212] For 2009-10 school budget, the board did not apply for exceptions to exceed the Index.^[213] In the Spring of 2010, 135 Pennsylvania school boards sought to exceed their adjusted index. Approval was granted to 133 of them and 128 sought an exception for pension costs increases.^[214]

Property tax relief

In 2012, Wyalusing Area School District approved homestead residents received $126.^[215] In 2010, property tax relief for 2,357 approved residents of Wyalusing Area School District was set at $130.^[216] In 2009, the Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief from gambling for the Wyalusing Area School District was also $127 per approved permanent primary residence. In the district, 2,330 property owners applied for the tax relief. In Bradford County, the highest tax relief went to Sayre Area School District which was set at $342.^[217] The highest property tax relief, among Pennsylvania school districts, went to the homesteads of Chester Upland School District of Delaware County which received $632 per approved homestead in 2010. Chester-Upland School District has consistently been the top recipient since the programs inception.^[218] The relief was subtracted from the total annual school property tax bill. Property owners apply for the relief through the county Treasurer's office. Farmers can qualify for a farmstead exemption on building used for agricultural purposes. The farm must be at least {{convert|10|acre|m2|adj=pre|contiguous}} and must be the primary residence of the owner. Farmers can qualify for both the homestead exemption and the farmstead exemption. In Beaver County, 62% of eligible property owners applied for property tax relief in 2009.^[219]

Additionally, the Pennsylvania Property Tax/Rent Rebate program is provided for low income Pennsylvanians aged 65 and older; widows and widowers aged 50 and older; and people with disabilities age 18 and older. The income limit is $35,000 for homeowners. The maximum rebate for both homeowners and renters is $650. Applicants can exclude one-half (1/2) of their Social Security income, consequently people who have an income of substantially more than $35,000 may still qualify for a rebate. Individuals must apply annually for the rebate. This tax rebate can be taken in addition to Homestead/Farmstead Property Tax Relief. In 2012, Pennsylvania Secretary of the Treasury reported issuing more than half a million property tax rebates totaling $238 million.^[220] The program is funded by the Pennsylvania Lottery. Property tax rebates are increased by an additional 50 percent for senior households in the state, so long as those households have incomes under $30,000 and pay more than 15% of their income in property taxes.^[221]

Wellness policy

Wyalusing Area School Board established a district wellness policy in 2006.^[222] The policy deals with nutritious meals served at school, the control of access to some foods and beverages during school hours, age appropriate nutrition education for all students, and physical education for students K-12. The policy is in response to state mandates and federal legislation (P.L. 108 – 265). The law dictates that each school district participating in a program authorized by the Richard B. Russell National School Lunch Act (42 U.S.C. 1751 et seq) or the Child Nutrition Act of 1966 (42 U.S.C. 1771 et seq) "shall establish a local school wellness policy by School Year 2006." Most districts identified the superintendent and school foodservice director as responsible for ensuring local wellness policy implementation.^[223]

The legislation placed the responsibility of developing a wellness policy at the local level so the individual needs of each district can be addressed. According to the requirements for the Local Wellness Policy, school districts must set goals for nutrition education, physical activity, campus food provision, and other school-based activities designed to promote student wellness. Additionally, districts were required to involve a broad group of individuals in policy development and to have a plan for measuring policy implementation. Districts were offered a choice of levels of implementation for limiting or prohibiting low nutrition foods on the school campus. In final implementation these regulations prohibit some foods and beverages on the school campus.^[224] The Pennsylvania Department of Education required the district to submit a copy of the policy for approval.

Wyalusing Area School District offers both a free school breakfast and a free or reduced-price lunch to children in low income families. All students attending the school can eat breakfast and lunch. Children from families with incomes at or below 130 percent of the federal poverty level are provided a breakfast and lunch at no cost to the family. Children from families with incomes between 130 and 185 percent of the federal poverty level can be charged no more than 30 cents per breakfast. A foster child whose care and placement is the responsibility of the State or who is placed by a court with a caretaker household is eligible for both a free breakfast and a free lunch. Runaway, homeless and Migrant Youth are also automatically eligible for free meals.^[225] The meals are partially funded with federal dollars through the United States Department of Agriculture.^[226]

In 2013, the USDA issued new restrictions to foods in public schools. The rules apply to foods and beverages sold on all public school district campuses during the day. They limit vending machine snacks to a maximum of 200 calories per item. Additionally, all snack foods sold at school must meet competitive nutrient standards, meaning they must have fruits, vegetables, dairy or protein in them or contain at least 10 percent of the daily value of fiber, calcium, potassium, and Vitamin D.^[227] In order to comply with the Healthy, Hunger-Free Kids Act of 2010 all US public school districts are required to raise the price of their school lunches to $2.60 regardless of the actual cost of providing the lunch.^[228] In 2014, President Obama ordered a prohibition of advertisements for unhealthy foods on public school campuses during the school day.^[229] The Food and Drug Administration requires that students take milk as their beverage at lunch. In accordance with this law, any student requesting water in place of milk with their lunch must present a written request, signed by a doctor, documenting the need for water instead of milk.^[230]

Wyalusing Area School District provides health services as mandated by the Commonwealth and the federal government. Nurses are available in each building to conduct annual health screenings (data reported to the PDE and state Department of Health) and to dispense prescribed medications to students during the school day. Students can be excluded from school unless they comply with all the State Department of Health's extensive immunization mandates. School nurses monitor each pupil for this compliance.^[231]^[232] Nurses also monitor each child's weight.

Extracurriculars

Wyalusing Area School District offers a variety of clubs, activities and sports. Eligibility for participation is determined by school board policy.^[233]^[234] Activity fees are charged to students who participate in athletics and extracurriculars.^[235]

According to Pennsylvania's Safety in Youth Sports Act, all sports coaches, paid and volunteer, are required to annually complete the Concussion Management Certification Training and present the certification before coaching.^[236]^[237]^[238]

By Pennsylvania law, all K-12 students residing in the district, including those who attend a private nonpublic school, cyber charter school, charter school and those homeschooled, are eligible to participate in the extracurricular programs, including all athletics. They must meet the same eligibility rules as the students enrolled in the district's schools.^[239]

Sports

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