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词条 Xenusiid
释义

  1. Systematics

     Order Archonychophora  Order Protonychophora  Order Scleronychophora  Order Paronychophora   Order unassigned   'Phylum' Onychophora 

  2. References

{{Automatic taxobox
| name = Xenusiids
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Cambrian Series 3|Early Pennsylvanian|
Early Cambrian to Carboniferous}}
| image = Hallucigenia_sparsa.JPG
| image_caption = Hallucigenia sparsa
| taxon = Xenusia
| parent_authority =
| authority = Dzik & Krumbiegel, 1989[1]
| subdivision_ranks = Orders
| subdivision = See text.
| synonyms_ref =
| synonyms =
}}

Class Xenusia, the Xenusiids, represents the subset of lobopodian worms that fall in the stem-lineage of Onychophora.[2] Their type genus is Xenusion.[2] They have relatively large, annulated, cylindrical bodies. Their lobopod legs have tubercles at their bases. Some have large frontal appendages,[2] although these may represent taphonomic artefacts.[3] Their mouth is terminal or subterminal, and they are marine.[4] They probably represent a grade (paraphyletic group) rather than a clade (monophyletic group).

Systematics

Xenusia includes the following orders and families:[4]

Order Archonychophora

  • Archonychophora Hou & Bergstrom, 1995[5] – undifferentiated appendages; each segment the same as each other.[6]
    • Luolishaniidae Hou & Bergstrom, 1995 – three small rounded sclerites per segment – these are thorn-shaped spines.[6]
    • Luolishania Hou & Chen 1989
    • Miraluolishania Liu & Shu 2004
    • Paucipodiidae Hou et al., 2004[7] – with no dorsal sclerites, two claws, fine annulation and few segments.
    • Paucipodia Hou et al. 2004

These taxa are only known from the Chengjiang (Cambrian Stage 2 Series 3).

Order Protonychophora

  • Protonychophora Hutchinson, 1930 – spiny legs, reduced tail.
    • Aysheaiidae Walcott, 1911 – many claws on each leg. Anterior grasping appendages with long spines.
    • Aysheaia Walcott 1911
    • Xenusiidae Dzik & Krumbiegel, 1989 – >20 leg-bearing segments; paired, rounded sclerites on each segment; spiny legs.
    • Xenusion Pompeckj, 1927
    • Jianshanopodia Liu et al.[2] – from Chengjiang; two rows of tubercles but no obvious sclerites.
    • Hadranax Budd & Peel 1998 – from the Sirius Passet. Lacks obvious dorsal armature, but bears four 'nodes' per row.

Order Scleronychophora

  • Scleronychophora Hou & Bergstrom, 1995 – paired sclerites; elongated head sclerites.
    • Eoconchariidae Hou & Shu, 1987 – ~10 leg-bearing segments, small head, sieve-like sclerites, varying in shape along body; curved claws on annulated legs; terminal mouth and anus.
    • Microdictyon Bengtson et al.
    • Quadratapora Hao and Shu, 1987
    • Fusuconcharium Hao and Shu, 1987
    • Hallucigeniidae Conway Morris, 1977 – ~10 leg-bearing segments; large sclerites covering head; sclerites on each segment are long spines.
    • Hallucigenia Conway Morris 1977 – from the Chengjiang, Kaili and Burgess Shale.[8]
    • Cardiodictyidae Hou & Bergstrom, 1995 – many segments (~23); large sclerites cover head; hexagonal sclerite on each body segment.
    • Cardiodictyon Hou et al. 1991 – known from the Chengjiang.[8]

Order Paronychophora

  • Paronychophora Hou & Bergstrom, 1995 – short, downwards facing head; papillae on body and legs, some arranged in rows; shield-like sclerites on head; dorsal armature of spines;[9] claw-like jaws; annulated legs [Note: diagnosis modified in [6]].
    • Onychodictyidae Hou & Bergstrom, 1995
    • Onychodictyon Hou et al. 1991

Order unassigned

  • Orstenotubulus Maas et al. 2007 – from the Furongian Orsten deposits – with retractable dorsal spines.[10]
  • Carbotubulus Haug et al. 2012[11] – from the Mazon creek. Dorwal armature uncertain. Few segments, long limbs.
  • Mureropodia[12] from the Stage 2 Murero lagerstatten, Spain.

'Phylum' Onychophora

Onychophora are distinguished by their terrestrial habit, their ventral mouth; their antennae, jaws and oral papillae; they seem to be most closely related to the Paronychophora. Their first fossils are Carboniferous (Helenodora), although they may have had a cryptic earlier history.

References

1. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Dzik | first1 = J. | last2 = Krumbiegel | first2 = G. N. | doi = 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1989.tb01679.x | title = The oldest 'onychophoran' Xenusion: A link connecting phyla? | journal = Lethaia | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | pages = 169–181 | year = 1989 | pmid = | pmc = }}
2. ^1 2 {{Cite journal |author=Jianni Liu Degan Shu, Jian Han, Zhifei Zhang & Xingliang Zhang |year=2006 |title=A large xenusiid lobopod with complex appendages from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte |journal=Acta Palaeontologica Polonica |volume=51 |issue=2 |pages=215–222 |url=http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app51/app51-215.pdf |format=PDF}}
3. ^{{Cite journal|author=Julián Monge-Nájera & Xianguang Hou |year=2002 |title=Experimental taphonomy of velvet worms (Onychophora) and implications for the Cambrian "explosion, disparity and decimation" model |volume=50 |issue=3–4 |pages=1133–1138 |journal=Revista de Biología Tropical |url=http://www.ots.ac.cr/tropiweb/attachments/volumes/vol50-3-4/26-MONGE.pdf |format=PDF |doi= |pmid=12947596 |last2=Hou |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629170808/http://www.ots.ac.cr/tropiweb/attachments/volumes/vol50-3-4/26-MONGE.pdf |archivedate=June 29, 2011 }}
4. ^1 {{Cite journal |author=George Poinar, Jr. |year=2000 |title=Fossil onychophorans from Dominican and Baltic amber: Tertiapatus dominicanus n.g., n.sp. (Tertiapatidae n.fam.) and Succinipatopsis balticus n.g., n.sp. (Succinipatopsidae n.fam.) with a proposed classification of the subphylum Onychophora |journal=Invertebrate Biology |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=104–109 |doi=10.1111/j.1744-7410.2000.tb00178.x |jstor=3227105}}
5. ^1 {{Cite journal | last1 = Hou | first1 = X. | last2 = Bergström | first2 = J. A. N. | doi = 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1995.tb00110.x | title = Cambrian lobopodians-ancestors of extant onychophorans? | journal = Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society | volume = 114 | pages = 3–19 | year = 1995 | pmid = | pmc = }}
6. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | last1 = Ma | first1 = X. | last2 = Hou | first2 = X. | last3 = Bergström | first3 = J. | doi = 10.1016/j.asd.2009.03.001 | title = Morphology of Luolishania longicruris (Lower Cambrian, Chengjiang Lagerstätte, SW China) and the phylogenetic relationships within lobopodians | journal = Arthropod Structure & Development | volume = 38 | issue = 4 | pages = 271–291 | year = 2009 | pmid = | pmc = }}
7. ^{{cite journal |author=Xian-Guang Hou, Xiao-Ya Ma, Jie Zhao & Jan Bergström |year=2004 |title=The lobopodian Paucipodia inermis from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, Yunnan, China |journal=Lethaia |volume=37 |issue=3 |pages=235–244 |doi=10.1080/00241160410006555|last2=Ma |last3=Zhao |last4=Bergström }}
8. ^1 {{Cite journal| first1 = R. J.| first2 = S. E.| first3 = R. J.| last1 = Whittle| first4 = J.| title = An Ordovician Lobopodian from the Soom Shale Lagerstätte, South Africa| journal = Palaeontology| volume = 52| issue = 3| pages = 561–567| date = May 2009| doi = 10.1111/j.1475-4983.2009.00860.x| last2 = Gabbott| last3 = Aldridge| last4 = Theron}}
9. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Liu | first1 = J. | last2 = Shu | first2 = D. | last3 = Han | first3 = J. | last4 = Zhang | first4 = Z. | last5 = Zhang | first5 = X. | title = The Lobopod Onychodictyon from the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang Lagerstätte Revisited | doi = 10.4202/app.2008.0209 | journal = Acta Palaeontologica Polonica | volume = 53 | issue = 2 | pages = 285–292 | year = 2008 | pmid = | pmc = }}
10. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Maas | first1 = A. | last2 = Mayer | first2 = G. | last3 = Kristensen | first3 = R. M. | last4 = Waloszek | first4 = D. | title = A Cambrian micro-lobopodian and the evolution of arthropod locomotion and reproduction | doi = 10.1007/s11434-007-0515-3 | journal = Chinese Science Bulletin | volume = 52 | issue = 24 | pages = 3385–3392 | year = 2007 | pmid = | pmc = }}
11. ^{{Cite journal | last1 = Haug | first1 = J. T. | last2 = Mayer | first2 = G. | last3 = Haug | first3 = C. | last4 = Briggs | first4 = D. E. G. | title = A Carboniferous Non-Onychophoran Lobopodian Reveals Long-Term Survival of a Cambrian Morphotype | doi = 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.066 | journal = Current Biology | year = 2012 | pmid = 22885062| pmc = | volume=22 | pages=1673–1675}}
12. ^{{Cite book | last1 = Gámez Vintaned | first1 = J. A. | last2 = Liñán | first2 = E. | last3 = Zhuravlev | first3 = A. | doi = 10.1007/978-3-642-20763-1_12 | chapter = A New Early Cambrian Lobopod-Bearing Animal (Murero, Spain) and the Problem of the Ecdysozoan Early Diversification | title = Evolutionary Biology – Concepts, Biodiversity, Macroevolution and Genome Evolution | pages = 193–219 | date = 29 June 2011 | isbn = 978-3-642-20762-4 | pmid = | pmc = }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q944411}}{{Paleo-protostome-stub}}

3 : Xenusia|Prehistoric marine animals|Invertebrate classes
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