| 词条 | XL Airways Germany Flight 888T |
| 释义 |
|image =Spotting-01-0021 XL Airways (D-AXLA), Airbus A320.jpg |caption =D-AXLA seen at Stuttgart Airport, 1 June 2008 |name =XL Airways Germany Flight 888T |Date = {{start-date|df=yes|27 November 2008}} |Type =loss of control in low-speed stall due to pitot tube icing. |occurrence_type=Accident |Site =Mediterranean Sea, near Canet-en-Roussillon, France |coords ={{Coord|42|39|48|N|03|06|00|E|type:event|display=inline,title}} |aircraft_type = Airbus A320-232 |Operator =XL Airways Germany |tail_number = D-AXLA (becoming ZK-OJL) |origin =Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport |destination =Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport |passengers = 5 |crew = 2 |injuries = |fatalities = 7 |survivors = 0 }} XL Airways Germany Flight 888T (GXL888T)[1] was an Airbus A320 which crashed into the Mediterranean Sea, 7 km off Canet-en-Roussillon on the French coast, close to the Spanish border, on 27 November 2008.[2] The aircraft was on a flight test (or "acceptance flight") for which it had taken off from Perpignan - Rivesaltes Airport, made an overflight of Gaillac and was flying back to Perpignan Airport, doing an approach over the sea. The flight took place immediately following light maintenance and repainting to Air New Zealand livery on the aircraft, done in preparation for its transfer from XL Airways Germany, which had been leasing it, to Air New Zealand, the owner. Seven people were on board, two Germans (the pilot and co-pilot, from XL Airways) and five New Zealanders (one pilot, three aircraft engineers and one member of the Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand).[3][4] All were killed; two bodies were recovered within hours of the crash, the others were found during later weeks. The extent of shattering of the wreckage indicated that the crash occurred at high speed.[5] The crash area was declared a crime scene and the French justice system opened a manslaughter investigation.[5] The aircraft had been overhauled by a local French company located at the Perpignan–Rivesaltes Airport prior to its return off lease.[6][7] AircraftThe aircraft involved was an Airbus A320-232, registered D-AXLA, manufactured in 2005 and assigned a manufacturer's serial number of 2500. It first flew on 30 June 2005 and was delivered to Air New Zealand's low-cost subsidiary Freedom Air with the registration ZK-OJL. Star XL German Airlines (as XL Airways Germany was named at the time) took delivery of the aircraft on 25 May 2006. At the time of the crash it was due to be delivered back to Air New Zealand and re-registered as ZK-OJL.[8] InvestigationThe cockpit voice recorder (CVR) was quickly found and recovered; and on 30 November divers recovered the second flight recorder–the flight data recorder (FDR)–and a third body, unidentified at the time. Although the CVR was damaged, experts said that there was a good probability of recovering data from it.[9] In late December, French investigators attempted to retrieve data from the CVR and FDR, but they could not be read. Usable data from the recorders was later recovered by Honeywell Aerospace in the United States.[10][11] The investigators' interest focused on the Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (ADIRU) following recent similar incidents involving Airbus A330s operated by Qantas, exhibiting sudden uncommanded manoeuvring (including Qantas Flight 72).[12] The investigation was led by the Bureau of Enquiry and Analysis for Civil Aviation Safety (BEA), with the participation of its counterparts from the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation (BFU), the New Zealand Transport Accident Investigation Commission (TAIC), and the United States National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB). Specialists from Airbus and from International Aero Engines (IAE, the manufacturer of the aircraft's engines), from XL Airways Germany (operator of the aircraft) and from Air New Zealand (the owner of the aircraft), were associated with the work of the technical investigation.[13][14] Analysis of the data led to an interim finding that the crew lost control of the aircraft. The crew was not granted needed airspace to do their acceptance checklist of various test procedures, but they chose to conduct a number of the tests as they flew back to base. One of the tests that the crew unofficially fit into their flight was a test of low-speed flight – which they attempted after already dropping to a low altitude (rather than the normal 10,000 feet), while descending through 3000 feet on full autopilot for a go-around. Landing gear was just extended when at 15:44:30 UTC the speed dropped from 136 to 99 knots in 35 seconds. The stall warning sounded four times during violent manoeuvring to regain control. By 15:46:00 the warning had silenced as the aircraft regained speed in a rapid descent, but six seconds later, at 263 knots, the aircraft had only 340 feet elevation and was 14 degrees nose down. A second later the aircraft crashed into the water.[15] In September 2010, the BEA published its final report into the accident. One of the contributing causes was incorrect maintenance procedures which allowed water to enter the angle of attack (AOA) sensors. During fuselage rinsing with water before painting, three days before the flight, the AOA sensors were unprotected. As specified in the Structure Repair Manual by Airbus, it is mandatory to fit a protection device on AOA sensors before these tasks.[17]{{rp|p.56,95}} The water that was able to penetrate inside the sensor bodies then froze in flight, rendering two out of three of the sensors inoperative, and thus removing the protection they normally provided in the aircraft's flight management system. The primary cause of the accident was that the crew attempted an improvised test of the AOA warning system, not knowing that it was not functioning properly due to the inoperative sensors. They also disregarded the proper speed limits for the tests they were performing, resulting in a stall. The aircraft's computers received conflicting information from the three angle of attack sensors. The aircraft computer system’s programming logic had been designed to reject one sensor value if it deviated significantly from the other two sensor values. In this specific case, this programming logic led to the rejection of the correct value from the one operative angle of attack sensor, and to the acceptance of the two consistent, but wrong, values from the two inoperative angle of attack sensors. This resulted in the system's stall protection functions responding incorrectly to the stall, making the situation worse, instead of better. In addition, the pilots also failed to recover from an aerodynamic stall in a manual mode in which the stabilizer had to be set to an up position to trim the aircraft. But only the stick was applied forward, the aircraft did not trim itself because it was switched to full manual mode. Seconds later the plane crashed into the sea. Moreover the stall warning in normal law was not possible. However, the stall warning function was still available, and was triggered during the last phase of the flight.[16] Five safety recommendations were made following examination of the particulars of the crash.[17] Date coincidenceThe New Zealand Herald remarked on the date coincidence with another Air New Zealand crash. Due to differing time zones, the crash of Flight 888T occurred in the morning of 28 November New Zealand time – 29 years to the day after Air New Zealand Flight 901 crashed into Mount Erebus in Antarctica, killing all 257 on board.[18]DramatisationThe story of the accident was featured on the thirteenth season of Canadian television show Mayday, an episode entitled "Imperfect Pitch". Similar events
See also{{Portal|Aviation|Disasters|France|New Zealand|2000s}}
References1. ^{{cite news |url= http://avherald.com/h?article=410c9cec |title= Crash: Air New Zealand A320 near Perpignan on Nov 27th 2008, impacted Mediterranean Sea |author= Simon Hradecky |date= 27 November 2008 |publisher= The Aviation Herald }} 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://avherald.com/h?article=410c9cec&opt=1024 |publisher=Aviation Herald |title=Air New Zealand A320 near Perpignan on Nov 27th 2008, impacted Mediterranean Sea |accessdate=24 May 2009}} 3. ^{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/11/27/airbus.france.crash/ |date=28 November 2008 |publisher=CNN |title=Airbus A320 crashes into sea off France}} 4. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gwzMwMykoI5xX2ZogslBiu7qLvLQ |title=No hope of survivors in New Zealand jet crash off France: official |date=27 November 2008 |agency=Agence France Press}} 5. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/4778986a11.html |title=Third body, second black box recovered |publisher=Fairfax Media |date=2 December 2008 |accessdate=2 December 2008}} 6. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10545449 |title=Five New Zealanders feared dead after Air NZ plane crashes |publisher=The New Zealand Herald |date=28 November 2008 }} {{Dead link|date=December 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}} 7. ^{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7754863.stm |title=Seas scoured after Airbus crash |publisher=BBC News |date=28 November 2008}} 8. ^{{citation|url=http://www.airfleets.net/ficheapp/plane-a320-2500.htm |title=XL Airways Germany D-AXLA (Airbus A320 - MSN 2500) (Ex ZK-OJL) {{!}} Airfleets aviation}} 9. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10546108 |title=Air NZ crash: Damaged black box will give answers – investigator |work=The New Zealand Herald |date=2 December 2008 |accessdate=2 December 2008 |first=Catherine |last=Field}} 10. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.bea.aero/anglaise/actualite/pressrelease20090108.html |title=Accident on approach to Perpignan 2008 |publisher=Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'Aviation Civile (BEA) |date=8 January 2009 |language=English}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}} 11. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10551184 |title=Air NZ hopeful black box data will provide clue to crash |accessdate=9 January 2009 | work=The New Zealand Herald |first=Catherine |last=Field |date=9 January 2009}} 12. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?ContentBlockID=5a97cb7b-ac8c-4a2c-a8cd-33f2e10db965 |title=Investigation's Slow Pace 'Troublesome' |date=29 December 2008 |publisher=Aero-News Network}} 13. ^NTSB preliminary record www.ntsb.gov 14. ^{{cite press release |url=http://www.bea.aero/anglaise/actualite/pressrelease20081203.html |title=Accident on approach to Perpignan 2008 |publisher=Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'Aviation Civile |date=3 December 2008 |language=English}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}} 15. ^{{cite book |url=http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2008/d-la081127ea/pdf/d-la081127ea.pdf |title=Accident on approach to Perpignan 2008 – Interim report |publisher=Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la sécurité de l'Aviation Civile |date=24 February 2009 |pages=9–10, 19–20, 31 |isbn=978-2-11-098614-6 |format=PDF}}{{dead link|date=October 2016}} 16. ^"The Killing Machine." Mayday [documentary TV series]. 17. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2008/d-la081127.en/pdf/d-la081127.en.pdf |title=Accident on 27 November 2008 off the coast of Canet-Plage (66) to the Airbus A320-232 registered D-AXLA operated by XL Airways Germany |publisher=Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile |accessdate=16 September 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721063026/http://www.bea.aero/docspa/2008/d-la081127.en/pdf/d-la081127.en.pdf |archivedate=21 July 2011 }} 18. ^{{cite news |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10545618 |title= Tragic coincidence on Mt Erebus anniversary – nzherald.co.nz |accessdate=6 October 2009 | work=The New Zealand Herald |first=Elizabeth |last=Binning |date=29 November 2008}} External links
7 : Aviation accidents and incidents in France|Aviation accidents and incidents in 2008|Accidents and incidents involving the Airbus A320|2008 in France|Air New Zealand|France–New Zealand relations|November 2008 events |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。