| 词条 | Yaminawa language | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Yaminawa |nativename=Yaminahua |states=Peru, Bolivia, Brazil |region= |ethnicity = Yaminawá and related peoples |speakers=2,729 |date=2006–2011 |ref=e19 |speakers2=Est. 400 uncontacted speakers of Yora (2007) |familycolor=American |fam1=Panoan |fam2=Mainline Panoan |fam3=Nawa |fam4=Headwaters |lc1=yaa|ld1=Yaminawa |lc2=ywn|ld2=Yawanawá |lc3=mcd|ld3=Sharanawa |lc4=swo|ld4=Shaninawa |lc5=mts|ld5=Yora |glotto=yami1255 |glottorefname=Yaminawa Complex }} Yaminawa (Yaminahua) is a Panoan language of western Amazonia. It is spoken by the Yaminawá and some related peoples. Yaminawa constitutes an extensive dialect cluster. Attested dialects are two or more Brazilian Yaminawa dialects, Peruvian Yaminawa, Chaninawa, Chitonawa, Mastanawa, Parkenawa (= Yora or "Nawa"), Shanenawa (Xaninaua, = Katukina de Feijó), Sharanawa (= Marinawa), Shawannawa (= Arara), Yawanawá, Yaminawa-arara (obsolescent; very similar to Shawannawa/Arara), Nehanawa†).[1] Very few Yaminawá speak Spanish or Portuguese, though the Shanenawa have mostly shifted to Portuguese.[2] PhonologyThe vowels of Yaminawa are /a, i, ɨ, u/. Yaminawa has /ɯ/ instead of /u/. Sharanawa, Yaminawa, and Yora have nasalized counterparts for each of the vowels, and demonstrate contrastive nasalization.[3]
Yawanawá has a similar phonemic inventory to Yaminawa, but uses a voiced bilabial fricative /β/ in place of the voiceless bilabial fricative /ɸ/.[4] Yawanawá and Sharanahua have an additional phoneme, the voiced labio-velar approximant /w/.[4][5] Shanewana has a labiodental fricative /f/ instead of /ɸ/.[6] Yaminawa has contrastive tone, with two surface tones, high (H) and low (L).[7] GrammarYaminawa is a polysynthetic, primarily suffixing language that also uses compounding, nasalization, and tone alternations in word-formation. Yaminawa exhibits split ergativity; nouns and third person pronouns pattern along ergative-absolutive lines, while first and second person pronouns pattern along nominative-accusative lines. Yaminawa verbal morphology is extensive, encoding affective (emotional) meanings and categories like associated motion. Yaminawa also has a set of switch reference enclitics that encode same or different subject relationships as well as aspectual relationships between the dependent (marked) clause and the main clause. [7] Notes1. ^David Fleck, 2013, Panoan Languages and Linguistics, Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History #99 2. ^"Yaminahua." Ethnologue. (retrieved 25 June 2011) 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon|title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories|website=linguistics.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2018-07-23}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/Yawanawa.html|title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Yawanawa|website=linguistics.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/Sharanahua.html|title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Sharanahua|website=linguistics.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~saphon/en/inv/Shanenawa.html|title=SAPhon – South American Phonological Inventories - Shanenawa|website=linguistics.berkeley.edu|language=en|access-date=2019-02-01}} 7. ^1 Faust, Norma and Eugene Loos. (2002). Gramática de la lengua yaminahua. Serie lingüística peruana, no. 51. Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. External links
5 : Panoan languages|Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia|Languages of Bolivia|Languages of Peru|Languages of Brazil |
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