| 词条 | New York City Department of Parks and Recreation | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| agency_name = Department of Parks and Recreation | type = department | nativename = | nativename_a = | nativename_r = | seal = | seal_width = | seal_caption = | logo = Logo of the New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.svg | logo_width = 180px | logo_caption = | picture = New York City Parks Department flag.png | picture_width = 180px | picture_caption = Flag of NYC Parks | formed = {{Start date|1870|}} | preceding1 = New York City Parks, Recreation and Cultural Affairs Administration | preceding2 = | dissolved = | superseding = | agency_type = | jurisdiction = New York City | headquarters = Arsenal New York, NY 10065 | coordinates = | motto = | employees = | budget = | chief1_name = Mitchell Silver[1] | chief1_position = Commissioner of Parks and Recreation | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | parent_department = | parent_agency = | child1_agency = | child2_agency = | keydocument1 = New York City Charter | website = {{URL|http://www.nycgovparks.org/}} | map = | map_width = | map_caption = | footnotes = | embed = }} The New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, also called the Parks Department or NYC Parks, is the department of the government of New York City[2] responsible for maintaining the city's parks system, preserving and maintaining the ecological diversity of the city's natural areas, and furnishing recreational opportunities for city's residents and visitors. NYC Parks maintains more than 1,700 parks, playgrounds and recreation facilities across the city's five boroughs. It is responsible for over 1,000 playgrounds, 800 playing fields, 550 tennis courts, 35 major recreation centers, 66 pools, {{convert|14|mi|km}} of beaches, and 13 golf courses, as well as seven nature centers, six ice skating rinks, over 2,000 greenstreets, and four major stadiums. NYC Parks also cares for park flora and fauna, community gardens, 23 historic houses, over 1,200 statues and monuments, and more than 2.5 million trees.[3] The total area of the properties maintained by the department is over {{Convert|30000|acres|km2}}.[4] The largest single component of parkland maintained by the department is the {{Convert|2765|acre|ha|adj=on}} Pelham Bay Park in the Bronx. Other large parks administered by NYC Parks include Central Park in Manhattan, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, Van Cortlandt Park in the Bronx, Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, and the Staten Island Greenbelt in Staten Island.[3] NYC Parks produces many special events, including concerts and movie premieres. In the summer, the busiest season, the agency organizes free carnivals and concerts, and sends mobile recreation vans to travel throughout the five boroughs providing free rental equipment for skating, baseball, and miniature golf. The symbol of the department is a cross between the leaf of the London plane and a maple leaf. It is prominently featured on signs and buildings in public parks across the city. The London plane tree is on NYC Parks' list of restricted use species for street tree planting because it constitutes more than 10% of all street trees. AgencyThe department is a mayoral agency. The current Parks Commissioner is Mitchell Silver. The current chair of the New York City Council Committee on Parks & Recreation is Barry Grodenchik.[5] The department is allocated an expense budget and a capital budget. The expense budget covers the total expenses incurred by the agency, including salaries. The capital budget is dedicated solely for new construction projects, as well as major repairs in parks that have a useful life of more than five years and cost at least $35,000. Its regulations are compiled in Title 56 of the New York City Rules.[6] HistoryThe original Parks Commission was formed in 1856 and was responsible only for Central Park. In 1870 the Tweed Charter gave it jurisdiction for all the parks in Manhattan. In addition each borough had its independent Park Commission. A unified citywide New York City Parks Department was formed in 1934 with Robert Moses as the commissioner, a position he held until 1960. In 1968 it was reorganized as the "Parks, Recreation & Cultural Affairs Administration. In 1976 it was given its current name.[7] In 2001, the department underwent an investigation after the U.S. Attorney's Office received complaints from employees that they had suffered employment discrimination. The lawsuit alleged that NYC Parks violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964; according to the complaint, the NYC Parks' senior managers sought out and promoted whites to management positions without announcing job openings for those positions or conducting any formal interview processes. The complaint also said that since at least 1995, minorities have been significantly under-represented in NYC Parks' managerial ranks. In 2008, the City of New York agreed to pay a $21 million settlement to avoid going to trial.[8] Organization
Park law enforcement{{main|New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol}}The department maintains an enforcement division, called the Parks Enforcement Patrol (PEP), responsible for maintaining safety and security within the parks system. Parks Enforcement Patrol officers have peace officer status under NYS Penal Law and are empowered through this status to make arrests and issue tickets. PEP officers patrol land, waterways and buildings under the jurisdiction of the Department of Parks and Recreation on foot, bicycle, horseback, boat and marked patrol trucks. PEP officers are also responsible for physical site inspections of NYC park concession facilities to assure the concessionaires compliance with state laws.[9] Urban Park RangersThe Urban Park Rangers was founded as a pilot program in 1979 by then Parks Commissioner Gordon J. Davis, with the support and encouragement of Mayor Ed Koch. The program provides many free programs year-round, such as nature walks and activities. They also operate programs such as The Natural Classroom for class trips and the general public alike. "Explorer" programs are available for activities such as canoeing in the city's flagship parks in all five boroughs. NYC Urban Park Rangers are easily identified by their uniforms.[10] Although NYC Park Rangers possess peace officer status, their primary mission is environmental education, protection of park resources, and visitor safety. Law enforcement in city parks is the responsibility of the New York City Police Department. Community Parks InitiativeThe Community Parks Initiative was launched in 2014 and is providing $318 million of capital funding to improve more than 60 parks mainly located in densely populated neighborhoods where there are significant rates of poverty. The park improvements, such as Ranaqua Park in the South Bronx, consist of playground equipment, lighting, seating areas, water fountains, synthetic turn fields, trees and greenery, and rain gardens to collect storm water.[11][12] The Longfellow Park renovation, also in the Bronx, is budgeted at $3.25 million and includes tree houses for children, bike racks, a sprinkler system for summer recreation, and a mini-state.[13] Public-private partnershipsThe New York City Department of Parks and Recreations maintains facilities and provides services through a network of public service workers, volunteers, and partnerships with private organizations. The momentum for private partnerships increased dramatically during the mayoralty of Michael Bloomberg. Often the initiatives of Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe were controversial.[14] ConcessionsMost businesses that operate or generate revenue on New York City parkland are considered concessions and must obtain a permit or license from the Revenue Division of Parks. Pursuant to the City's Concession Rules, these licenses and permits are generally awarded through a public solicitation process, such as a Request for Bids (RFB) or Request for Proposals (RFP).[15] Approximately 500 concessions currently operate in parks throughout the five boroughs, and they generally fall into two categories: food service and recreation. The food service concessions range from pushcarts selling hot dogs to restaurants such as Tavern on the Green and Terrace on the Park. Recreational concessions include facilities such as ice rinks, stables, marinas, and golf courses. In fiscal year 2009, NYC Parks' Revenue Division helped collect over $110 million in revenue from various sources including concessions, lease agreements, like those for Citi Field and Yankee Stadium, special events, and dockage.[16] Private partnershipsAt the turn of the 20th century most of the staffing of New York City parks were patronage jobs. In the 1950s and 1960s, public sector unions organized most park workers which was considered at the time the first major political defeat of Robert Moses. During the city's fiscal crisis in the 1970s, the Department of Parks and Recreation City adapted practices such as using welfare recipients and volunteers to do work previously completed by unionized workers and to forge partnerships with nonprofit organizations and local sports league. Yorkville Sports (YSA) was one of those that helped maintain athletic fields prior to use and assumed responsibilities previously handled by the public sector. During this time the Central Park Conservancy and the Prospect Park Alliance were formed.[17] List of Park CommissionersSince 1934, when New York City Parks Department Commissioners were unified, the directors have been:[18]
See also
References1. ^{{cite news|last=Foderaro|first=Lisa|title=North Carolina Planner Named to Head New York City Parks Dept.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/21/nyregion/mitchell-silver-north-carolina-planner-named-to-head-nyc-parks-dept.html?_r=0|accessdate=March 22, 2014|newspaper=NYTimes|date=March 20, 2014}} 2. ^New York City Charter § 531; "There shall be a department of parks and recreation the head of which shall be the commissioner of parks and recreation." 3. ^1 {{Cite web|title = Frequently Asked Questions : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/faq|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 4. ^{{Cite web|title = About Parks : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/about|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 5. ^https://council.nyc.gov/committees/parks-and-recreation/ 6. ^{{Cite web|title = Rules & Regulations : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/rules|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 7. ^https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/commissioners 8. ^{{Cite web|title = Wright v. Stern: NYC Parks Case {{!}} NAACP LDF|url = http://www.naacpldf.org/case-issue/wright-v-stern-nyc-parks-case|website = www.naacpldf.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 9. ^{{Cite web|title = Park Enforcement Patrol : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/about/urban-park-service/park-enforcement-patrol|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 10. ^{{Cite web|title = Urban Park Rangers : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/programs/rangers|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 11. ^https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/framework-for-an-equitable-future/community-parks-initiative 12. ^{{Cite news|title=Ranaqua Park reopens after major renovations|last=Mitchell|first=Alex|date=May 4–10, 2018|page=14|work=Bronx Times Reporter}} 13. ^{{Cite news|title=Kids break ground on Longfellow Park restoration|last=Valenzuela|first=Sarah|date=May 4, 2018|page=20|work=Bronx Times Reporter}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/cathryn-swan/pushing-privatized-partnership-agenda_b_3769191.html|title=Pushing Privatized "Partnership" Agenda at New York City’s Public Parks — Part 3|last=Swan|first=Cathryn|date=July 19, 2013|website=Huffington Post Blog|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 15. ^{{Cite web|title = Concessions Opportunities : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/opportunities/concessions/rfps-rfbs-rfeis|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 16. ^{{Cite web|title = Concessions : NYC Parks|url = http://www.nycgovparks.org/opportunities/concessions|website = www.nycgovparks.org|access-date = January 20, 2016}} 17. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uvcmDgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=new+york+city+parks&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1hMKx_PvaAhVmpVkKHVJNAUYQ6AEISjAG#v=onepage&q=new%20york%20city%20parks&f=false|title=Who cleans the park? : public work and urban governance in New York City|last1=Krinsky|first1=John|last2=Simonet|first2=Maud|page=5|isbn=9780226435619|location=Chicago|oclc=979417574}} 18. ^{{cite web|title=New York City Parks Commissioners : NYC Parks|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/commissioners|website=www.nycgovparks.org|publisher=New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|accessdate=September 29, 2017|language=en}} External links
3 : New York City Department of Parks and Recreation|Parks in New York City|1910 establishments in New York (state) |
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