| 词条 | Yugoslav colonisation of Kosovo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The colonisation of Kosovo was a programme implemented by the Kingdom of Yugoslavia during the interwar period (1918–1941) with the aim of altering the ethnic population balance in the region where Albanians formed an ethnic majority.{{sfn|Leurdijk|Zandee|2001|p=13}} During the colonisation period, between 60,000 and 65,000 colonists, of whom over 90% were Serbs, settled on the territory of the former Kosovo Vilayet captured from the Ottoman Empire in 1912.{{sfn|Pavlović|2008|}}{{sfn|Jovanović|2006|}} Along with the Serb colonisation, a policy of forced migration of ethnic Albanians was attempted, enlisting the participation of Turkey.{{sfn|Pribićević|1953|p=15}} Colonisation processSome Serb colonisation of Kosovo took place during the Balkan Wars (1912-1913).{{sfn|Hadri|1967|p=59-60}} Government sponsored colonisation was initiated in 1920 when the assembly of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia passed the Decree on the Colonisation of the Southern Provinces of Yugoslavia, while the second began in 1931, when the Decree on the Colonisation of the Southern Regions was issued.{{sfn|Bucur|Wingfield|Meriwether|2001|p=254}} Former soldiers and chetniks were offered incentives to settle in Kosovo, although this phase of the colonisation is considered unsuccessful because only 60 to 70 thousand people showed a willingness to become settlers, of whom many failed to follow through.{{sfn|Clark|2000|p=10}} From 1918 to 1921, expulsions of Albanians reduced their numbers from around one million to about 439,500.{{sfn|Ramet|1995|p=198}} In the 1930s, Yugoslavia signed treaties with Turkey (which were never implemented) providing that Turkey, with Islam as the major religion, would accept expellees; Albanians are mainly a Muslim community, although highly secularized. One treaty signed in 1935 undertook the transfer of about 200,000 Albanians while a second treaty signed in 1938 undertook the transfer of 40,000 Albanian families.{{sfn|Buckley|Cummings|2001|p=32}} The table shows the total number of registered settlers in each Kosovo county:{{sfn|Pavlović|2008|}}
In 1937, Serbian intellectual and nationalist Vaso Čubrilović, who had been a member of Young Bosnia, proposed the expulsion of Albanians: {{quote|In our examination of colonisation in the south, we hold the view that the only effective means of solving this problem is the mass expulsion of the Albanians. Gradual colonisation has had no success in our country, nor in other countries for that matter. If the state wishes to intervene in favour of its own people in the struggle for land, it can only be successful by acting brutally.|Vaso Čubrilović, Memorandum{{sfn|Elsie|2002|}}}}Aftermath and legacy{{See also|Second League of Prizren|Invasion of Yugoslavia}}During the Second World War, parts of Kosovo was annexed into an Albania under fascist rule. There ensued mass killings and exodus of tens of thousands of Serbs.{{sfn|Murray|1999|p=15}} Carlo Umiltà, an aide to the leader of the Italian military forces in Kosovo, recounted that Albanians were out to exterminate all Slavs and told of several events where horrified Italian troops were forced to fire on their Albanian allies to halt massacres of Serbs.{{sfn|Umiltà|1947|116}}{{sfn|Neubacher|1957|p=116}} After World War II, Josip Broz Tito abolished the colonisation programme in order to avoid ethnic and religious conflict. Initially, Serbs who had departed were not allowed to return.{{sfn|Sells|1998|p=54}} After protests by ethnic Serbs, this ban was revoked and a minority of the departed returned to Kosovo.{{sfn|Lampe|2000|p=228}} Eventually the ethnic balance of the population increased from 75 percent Albanian to 90 percent. During the rise of Serbian nationalism in Yugoslavia in the 1980s and 1990s, revisionist books were published promoting the opinion that Serbs had been the sole victimised ethnicity in Kosovo during the existence of Yugoslavia.{{sfn|Dragović-Soso|2002|p=127}} Among these works, Knjiga o Kosovu [“A book on Kosovo”] by an eminent professor, Dimitrije Bogdanović, in 1985 would be especially influential one that would be influential on resurgent Serbian nationalism among the Serb intelligentsia. During Operation Storm of August 1995 the total number of Serb refugees is reported to be up to 200,000 by international media,[1] and organisations.[2] In the late 1995, the Serbian government took the decision to settle up to 20,000 Serbian refugees from Krajina in Kosovo in an attempt to trip the ethnic balance there. Around 10,000 Serb refugees from Krajina were already settled in Kosovo before. Many countries reacted negatively to this plan and urged the Serbian government to cease forced resettlement of Krajina Serbs to Kosovo.[3] Notes1. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4747379.stm|publisher=BBC News|title=Evicted Serbs remember Storm|date=5 August 2005|accessdate=20 May 2010|first=Matt|last=Prodger}} 2. ^{{cite web|publisher=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,USCRI,,HRV,,3b31e1601c,0.html|title=U.S. Committee for Refugees World Refugee Survey 2001 - Croatia|date=20 June 2001|accessdate=5 January 2013}} 3. ^{{cite web|title=Chronology for Kosovo Albanians in Serbia|url=http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=34501|publisher=University of Mariland|accessdate=21 January 2013}} Sources
|ref=harv|last1=Buckley|first1=Mary E. A.|last2=Cummings|first2=Sally N.|title=Kosovo: perceptions of war and its aftermath|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z5wvJPAaEtEC&pg=PA32|accessdate=25 January 2011|year=2001|publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-8264-5670-0}}
|ref=harv |last1=Bucur|first1=Maria|last2=Wingfield|first2=Nancy Meriwether|title=Staging the past: the politics of commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe, 1848 to the present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RJzkg6o_dm4C&pg=PA254|accessdate=22 January 2011|year=2001|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-161-2}}
|ref=harv |last=Clark|first=Howard|title=Civil resistance in Kosovo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OTW9XKUmrxsC&pg=PA10|accessdate=22 January 2011|year=2000|publisher=Pluto Press|isbn=978-0-7453-1569-0}}
|ref=harv |last=Dragović-Soso|first=Jasna|title=Saviours of the nation: Serbia's intellectual opposition and the revival of nationalism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z-RfBxpnUUQC&pg=PA127|accessdate=24 January 2011|year=2002|publisher=McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP|isbn=978-0-7735-2523-8}}
|ref=harv |last=Elsie |first=Robert |year=2002 |title=Gathering clouds: the roots of ethnic cleansing in Kosovo and Macedonia |location=Peja |publisher=Dukagjini Balkan Books}} The Čubrilović memorandum, "The expulsion of the Albanians" is republished by Elsie online here.
|ref=harv |last=Lampe|first=John R.|title=Yugoslavia as history: twice there was a country|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AZ1x7gvwx_8C&pg=PA228|accessdate=25 January 2011|year=2000|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-77401-7}}
|ref=harv |last1=Leurdijk|first1=Dick A.|last2=Zandee|first2=Dick|title=Kosovo: from crisis to crisis|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=kwM_TdblMsaq8AONupWbDw&ct=result&id=IJZpAAAAMAAJ&dq=kacak+%2B+colonisation&q=alter+the+ethnic+balance#search_anchor|accessdate=25 January 2011|year=2001|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-1554-5|page=13}}
|ref=harv |last1=Neubacher |first1=Hermann |year=1957 |title=Sonderauftrag Südost, 1940-1945. Bericht eines fliegenden Diplomaten |location=Göttingen |publisher=Musterschmidt-Verlag}} (2. durchgesehene Auflage).
|ref=harv |last=Ramet|first=Sabrina P.|title=Social currents in Eastern Europe: the sources and consequences of the great transformation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F3HTHpikwq4C&pg=PA198|accessdate=22 January 2011|year=1995|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-1548-3}}
|ref=harv |last=Sells|first=Michael Anthony|title=The bridge betrayed: religion and genocide in Bosnia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FAdxZ6F2uEAC&pg=PA54|accessdate=25 January 2011|date=1998-12-10|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-21662-4}}
|ref=harv |last1=Shepherd |first1=William R. |authorlink=William Robert Shepherd |year=1911 |title=Historical atlas |location=New York |publisher=Henry Holt and Company}}
Further reading
See also
External links
3 : Modern history of Kosovo|Yugoslav Serbia|Settlement schemes |
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