| 词条 | Niamey | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|official_name = Niamey |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = |motto = |image_skyline = Niamey_vue_du_fleuve.jpg |imagesize = 250px |image_caption = Niamey view of the river |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |city_logo = |citylogo_size = |image_map = |mapsize = |map_caption = |image_map1 = |mapsize1 = |map_caption1 = |image_dot_map = |dot_mapsize = |dot_map_caption = |dot_x = |dot_y = |pushpin_map = Niger#Africa |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_map_caption = Location in Niger and Africa |pushpin_relief = yes |pushpin_mapsize = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{Flag|Niger}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Niamey Urban Community |subdivision_type2 = Communes Urbaines |subdivision_name2 = 5 Communes |subdivision_type3 = Districts |subdivision_name3 = 44 Districts |subdivision_type4 = Quartiers |subdivision_name4 = 99 Quarters |government_footnotes = |government_type = Appointed district government, elected city council, elected commune and quarter councils[1] |leader_title = Governor of Niamey Urban Community |leader_name = |leader_title1 = Mayor of Niamey City |leader_name1 = Assane Seydou Sanda[1] |leader_title2 = |leader_name2 = |leader_title3 = |leader_name3 = |leader_title4 = |leader_name4 = |established_title = |established_date = |established_title2 = |established_date2 = |established_title3 = |established_date3 = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes = Niamey Urban Community[2] |area_total_km2 = 239.30 |area_land_km2 = |area_water_km2 = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_water_sq_mi = |area_water_percent = |area_urban_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of = 2018 Projection[3] |population_footnotes = |population_note = Niamey Urban Community |population_total = 1,243,500 |population_density_km2 = auto |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_urban = |population_density_urban_km2 = |population_density_urban_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title = |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone = WAT |utc_offset = +1 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|13|30|42|N|2|7|31|E|region:NE|display=inline,title}} |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = 207 |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = 20 |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }}Niamey ({{IPA-fr|njamɛ}}) is the capital and largest city of the West African country Niger. Niamey lies on the Niger River, primarily situated on the east bank. It is an administrative, cultural and economic centre. Niamey's population was counted as 978,029 as of the 2012 census; the Niamey Capital District, covering 670 km2, had 1,026,848 people. As of 2017, population projections show the capital district growing at a slower rate than the country as a whole, which has the world's highest fertility rate.[4] The city is located in a pearl millet growing region, while manufacturing industries include bricks, ceramic goods, cement and weaving. History{{see also|Timeline of Niamey}}Niamey was probably founded in the eighteenth century, but was of little importance to most of the country until the French developed a colonial post in the 1890s. This rapidly grew into an important centre. In 1926 it became the capital of Niger, and the population gradually increased, from about 3,000 in 1930 to around 30,000 in 1960.[1] The period from 1970 to 1988 was one in which the economy of Niger boomed, driven by revenue from the uranium mines at Arlit. In this period, the population of Niamey grew from 108,000 to 398,365 inhabitants. The city expanded from {{convert|1367|ha|acre}} in 1970 to {{convert|4400|ha|acre}} by 1977, in the process annexing peripheral villages such as Lazaret.[5] By some estimates the population had reached 800,000 in 2000. In 2011, government press estimated the total urban population at over 1.5 million. A major cause of the increase has been in migration for work and during droughts, as well a high population growth.[1] This last factor means a majority of the city's citizens are youths.[1] GeographyCovering an area of over {{convert|250|km2|abbr=on}}, the metropolitan area sits atop two plateaux reaching {{convert|218|m|abbr=on}} in altitude, bisected by the Niger River. At Niamey, the river, running almost straight SSE from Gao, makes a series of wide bends. The city was founded on the east ("left bank") of the river as it meanders from a west to east flow to run almost directly south. A series of marshy islands begin at Niamey and extend south in the river. ClimateThe climate is hot semi-arid (Köppen climate classification BSh), with an expected rainfall of between {{convert|500|mm|in|abbr=on}} and {{convert|750|mm|in|abbr=on}} a year, mostly beginning with a few storms in May, then transitioning to a rainy season, usually lasting from sometime in June to early September, when the rains taper off rather quickly. Most of the rainfall is from late June to mid-August. There is practically no rain from mid-October to April. Niamey is remarkably hot throughout the year. In fact, it is one of the hottest major cities on the planet. Average monthly high temperatures reach {{convert|38|°C}} four months out of the year and in no month do average high temperatures fall below {{convert|32|°C}}. During the dry season, particularly from November through February, nights are generally cool. Average nighttime lows between November and February range from {{convert|14|-|18|°C}}. {{Weather box|width = auto |location = Niamey, Niger (1961–1990, extremes: 1961–2015) |metric first = yes |single line = yes |Jan record high C = 38.2 |Feb record high C = 44.0 |Mar record high C = 45.0 |Apr record high C = 45.6 |May record high C = 45.1 |Jun record high C = 43.5 |Jul record high C = 41.0 |Aug record high C = 39.6 |Sep record high C = 41.8 |Oct record high C = 41.2 |Nov record high C = 40.7 |Dec record high C = 40.0 |Jan high C = 32.5 |Feb high C = 35.7 |Mar high C = 39.1 |Apr high C = 40.9 |May high C = 40.2 |Jun high C = 37.2 |Jul high C = 34.0 |Aug high C = 33.0 |Sep high C = 34.4 |Oct high C = 37.8 |Nov high C = 36.2 |Dec high C = 33.3 |year high C = 36.2 |Jan mean C = 24.3 |Feb mean C = 27.3 |Mar mean C = 30.9 |Apr mean C = 33.8 |May mean C = 34.0 |Jun mean C = 31.5 |Jul mean C = 29.0 |Aug mean C = 27.9 |Sep mean C = 29.0 |Oct mean C = 30.8 |Nov mean C = 27.9 |Dec mean C = 25.0 |year mean C = 29.3 |Jan low C = 16.1 |Feb low C = 19.0 |Mar low C = 22.9 |Apr low C = 26.5 |May low C = 27.7 |Jun low C = 25.7 |Jul low C = 24.1 |Aug low C = 23.2 |Sep low C = 23.6 |Oct low C = 24.2 |Nov low C = 19.5 |Dec low C = 16.7 |year low C = 22.4 |Jan record low C = 12.6 |Feb record low C = 14.3 |Mar record low C = 18.0 |Apr record low C = 21.6 |May record low C = 22.6 |Jun record low C = 20.5 |Jul record low C = 20.0 |Aug record low C = 20.2 |Sep record low C = 20.3 |Oct record low C = 15.8 |Nov record low C = 13.0 |Dec record low C = 12.6 |precipitation colour = green |Jan precipitation mm = 0.0 |Feb precipitation mm = 0.0 |Mar precipitation mm = 3.9 |Apr precipitation mm = 5.7 |May precipitation mm = 34.7 |Jun precipitation mm = 68.8 |Jul precipitation mm = 154.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 170.8 |Sep precipitation mm = 92.2 |Oct precipitation mm = 9.7 |Nov precipitation mm = 0.7 |Dec precipitation mm = 0.0 |unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm |Jan precipitation days = 0.0 |Feb precipitation days = 0.0 |Mar precipitation days = 0.2 |Apr precipitation days = 0.8 |May precipitation days = 2.9 |Jun precipitation days = 5.9 |Jul precipitation days = 9.9 |Aug precipitation days = 12.2 |Sep precipitation days = 7.4 |Oct precipitation days = 1.6 |Nov precipitation days = 0.1 |Dec precipitation days = 0.0 |humidity colour = green |Jan humidity = 22 |Feb humidity = 17 |Mar humidity = 18 |Apr humidity = 27 |May humidity = 42 |Jun humidity = 55 |Jul humidity = 67 |Aug humidity = 74 |Sep humidity = 73 |Oct humidity = 53 |Nov humidity = 34 |Dec humidity = 27 |Jan sun = 280 |Feb sun = 264 |Mar sun = 264 |Apr sun = 251 |May sun = 257 |Jun sun = 251 |Jul sun = 238 |Aug sun = 203 |Sep sun = 228 |Oct sun = 285 |Nov sun = 285 |Dec sun = 276 | source 1 = Deutscher Wetterdienst[6] | source 2 = Danish Meteorological Institute[7] }} Population
While Niamey's population has grown steadily since independence, the droughts of the early 1970s and 1980s, along with the economic crisis of the early 1980s, have propelled an exodus of rural inhabitants to Niger's largest city. Under the military government of General Seyni Kountché, there were strict controls on residency and the government would regularly round up and "deport" those without permits back to their villages.[12] The growing freedoms of the late 1980s and 1990s, along with the Tuareg Rebellion of the 1990s and famine in the 2000s, have reinforced the process of immigration, with large informal settlements appearing on the outskirts of the cities. Noticeable in the city's centre since the 1980s are groups of poor, young, or handicapped beggars. Within the richer or more trafficked neighbourhoods, these beggars have in fact formed a well-regulated hierarchical system in which beggars garner sadaka according to cultural and religious norms.[12] CultureAttractions in the city include the Niger National Museum, incorporating a zoo, a museum of vernacular architecture, a craft centre, and exhibits including dinosaur skeletons and the Tree of Ténéré. There are also American, French and Nigerien cultural centres, seven major market centres including the large Niamey Grand Market, a traditional wrestling arena and a horse track. In December 2005, it was the host of the Jeux de la Francophonie. Architecture and urbanismThe city has some buildings of architectural interest, such as the Congress Palace, the Niger National Museum and the old Presidential Palace. ReligionMore than 90% of Niger population is Muslim. Niamey hosts the largest mosque in the country, the Grand Mosque of Niamey. The city is also the headquarters of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Niamey. There is also a small Bahá'í community in Niamey. GovernanceAdministrationNiamey makes up a special capital district of Niger, which is surrounded by the department of Tillabéri. The city of Niamey itself is governed as an autonomous first-level administrative block, the Niamey Urban Community (fr. Communauté Urbaine de Niamey, CUN). It includes five Urban Communes, divided into 44 "Districts" and 99 "Quartiers", including formerly independent towns. It is a co-equal first division subdivision with the seven Regions of Niger. The Niamey Urban Community includes an administration and Governor appointed by national leaders.[1] Like the rest of Niger, Niamey has seen a decentralisation of governance since 2000. Government Ordinance n°2010–56 and Presidential Decree n°2010-679 of September 2010 mandated an elected City Council for the city of Niamey, subsumed under the CUN. This excludes some outlying areas of the CUN.[1] Forty-five councillors are popularly elected and in turn elect the Mayor of the City of Niamey. In July 2011 the first Mayor under the new system, Oumarou Dogari Moumouni, was installed by the Governor of the CUN Mrs. Aïchatou Boulama Kané and the City Council.[1] The City Council and Mayor have limited roles compared to the CUN Governor. Niamey has a third layer of government in the Commune system. Each Commune elects its own council, and outside major cities, these function like independent cities. Niamey and other major cities have been, since the advent of decentralisation, developing co-ordination of Commune governments in large cities made up of multiple Communes.[1] Under this devolution process[13] formalised in the 1999 Constitution of Niger, the CUN contains five "Urban Communes" and no "Rural Communes". As all Nigerien Urban Communes, they are divided into Quarters ("Quartiers") with elected boards. Communes and quartersThe CUN includes 99 Quarters:[14]
The CUN includes land where there were formerly several surrounding towns and villages which the city of Niamey has now annexed. These include Soudouré, Lamordé, Gamkallé, Yantala, and Gaweye.[24] The CUN covers a territory of {{convert|239.30|km2|abbr=on}},[15] or 0.02% of the nation's territory.[16] Until 1998, all of greater Niamey was part of Tillabery Region, which prior to 1992 was named the Niamey Department. The CUN remains surrounded on all sides by Tillabery Region.[17] TransportNiamey is served by the Diori Hamani International Airport, located 12 km south-east of the city and is crossed by the RN1 highway. Niamey railway station, officially inaugurated in April 2014, is the first one built in Niger.[18][19] EducationThe city is also the site of the National School of Administration, Abdou Moumouni University, the Higher Institute of Mining, Industry and Geology which lies on the right bank of the river, and many institutes (Centre numérique de Niamey, IRD, ICRISAT, Hydrologic Institute, etc.) Niamey hosts the African Centre of Meteorological Application for Development.[20] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Assane Seydou Sanda-elu-maire-de-la-ville-de-niamey&catid=34:actualites&Itemid=53 Installation du Conseil de ville de Niamey et élection des membres : M. Assane Seydou Sanda, élu maire de la ville de Niamey. Laouali Souleymane, Le Sahel (Niamey). 1 July 2011 2. ^ADAMOU Abdoulaye. Parcours migratoire des citadins et problème du logement à Niamey {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706212443/http://www.vrm.ca/documents/Adamou.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }}. REPUBLIQUE DU NIGER UNIVERSITE ABDOU MOUMOUNI DE NIAMEY Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines DEPARTEMENT DE GEOGRAPHIE(2005), p. 34 3. ^ 4. ^https://citypopulation.de/Niger.html 5. ^{{cite book |ref=harv |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjzZ_rVv_2MC&pg=PA30 |title=Villes et organisation de l'espace en Afrique |pages=30–31 |first1=Jérôme |last1=Aloko-N'Guessan |first2=Amadou |last2=Diallo |first3=Kokou Henri |last3=Motcho |publisher=KARTHALA Editions |year=2010 |ISBN=2-8111-0339-2}} 6. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_610520_kt.pdf| title = Klimatafel von Niamey (Aéro) / Niger| publisher = Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure| accessdate = 14 June 2016}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |title=STATIONSNUMMER 61052 |publisher=Ministry of Energy, Utilities and Climate |accessdate=14 June 2016 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130116071752/http://www.dmi.dk/dmi/tr01-17.pdf |archivedate=16 January 2013 }} 8. ^http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html 9. ^http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html 10. ^http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html 11. ^http://citypopulation.de/Niger-Cities.html 12. ^1 Patrick Gilliard, and Laurent Pédenon "Rues de Niamey, espace et territoires de la mendicité" Politique africaine, Paris (October 1996) no.63 pp. 51–60. 13. ^Haut Commissariat à la Réforme Administrative: loi N°2002-016 bis du 11 une 2002. 14. ^{{fr-icon}} Adamou Abdoulaye. Parcours migratoire des citadins et problème du logement à Niamey {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706212443/http://www.vrm.ca/documents/Adamou.pdf |date=6 July 2011 }}. Département de Géographie, Faculté des Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université Abdou Moumouni de Niamey (2005). 15. ^FAO (2003), Section VI 16. ^Amadou Oumarou. Etat et contexte de la fourniture des services publics dans la commune urbaine de Say {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003214230/http://www.ace-recit.org/rapport_ace/RapportFinalLASDELSPSay2007.pdf |date=3 October 2011 }}. LASDEL – Laboratoire d'études et recherches sur les dynamiques Sociales et le développement local, Niamey, Niger. (April 2007) 17. ^1 {{Cite book|last=Decalo|first=Samuel|title=Historical Dictionary of the Niger (3rd ed.)|publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Boston & Folkestone|year=1997|isbn=0-8108-3136-8}} pp. 225–227 18. ^{{fr icon}} "Inauguration of the first train station in Niamey" (Radio France Internationale) 19. ^"A 80 Year-long Wait: Niger Gets its First Train Station" (Global Voices Online) 20. ^Infos on preventionweb.net
|last=Decalo |first=Samuel |title=Historical Dictionary of the Niger (3rd ed.) |publisher=Scarecrow Press|location=Boston & Folkestone |year=1997 |isbn=0-8108-3136-8 }}
|last=Geels |first=Jolijn |title=Niger |publisher=Bradt UK / Globe Pequot Press|location=Chalfont St Peter, Bucks / Guilford, CT |year=2006 |isbn=978-1-84162-152-4 }} Bibliography{{See also|Timeline of Niamey#Bibliography|l1=Bibliography of the history of Niamey}}External links{{Commons category|Niamey}}
6 : Niamey|Capitals in Africa|Populated places in Niger|Communities on the Niger River|Capital districts and territories|Regions of Niger |
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