| 词条 | Zeppelin LZ 54 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Zeppelin LZ 54, given the military tactical designation L 19, was a World War I Zeppelin of the Kaiserliche Marine (German Imperial Navy). While returning from her first bombing raid on the United Kingdom in early 1916, she came down in the North Sea. Her crew survived the crash, but drowned after the crew of a British fishing vessel refused to rescue them; at the time this was a widely reported and notorious incident. DescriptionLZ 54 was one of twenty–two P-class military Zeppelins built by Luftschiffbau Zeppelin for the German Army and Navy as improved versions of the pre-war, M-class airship, with larger gas volume and more power, having four instead of three engines. These were initially {{convert|180|hp|kW|0}} Maybach C-X engines; later replaced with the {{convert|240|hp|kW|0}}, Maybach HSLu. LZ 54 had two gondolas, a control cabin forward with a single engine and rear gondola mounting the other three engines. The P-class Zeppelins were around {{convert|10|mph|km/h|0}} faster than the earlier craft, and had a higher service ceiling, double the payload and over double the range. A bomb load of {{convert|1600|kg|lb|-1}} could be carried and a number of MG 08 machine guns were mounted for aircraft defence. The number of guns varied – army Zeppelins carried more as they operated over land and enemy aircraft were a greater threat, navy Zeppelins carried fewer to save weight. The guns were mounted in the two gondolas under the airship, in a tail gun position, and on a dorsal gun platform on the top of the envelope. This upper platform could accommodate three guns and their gunners. The airship's normal complement was 18, but it could be flown with a smaller crew.[1] HistoryLZ 54 first flew on 27 November 1915, completing 14 flights during her nine weeks of service.[2] Several of these flights were patrols over the North Sea, searching for Allied merchant and naval ships. Naval scouting was the main role of the navy's Zeppelin fleet, and a total of 220 such flights were carried out during the war.[3] The lack of aggressive activity by the German Navy meant the tactical need for such scouting was reduced.[3] During the winter of 1915–1916, LZ 54 became well-known to neutral merchant ships in the North Sea due to her frequent patrols.[5] On one occasion, she touched down close to a Swedish ship to inspect her. The ship was allowed to proceed when her neutral status was established.[6] On another occasion, she and two other Zeppelins forestalled a British air raid by discovering, to the north of Terschelling, an approaching flotilla of three Royal Navy seaplane tenders, an apparent British attempt to repeat their successful Cuxhaven Raid. The British were surprised while lowering their seaplanes into the sea.[4] 31 January / 1 February air raid{{Location map+|North Sea|relief=1|float=right|width=250|alt=A map of the North Sea|caption=Location map|places={{Location map~|North Sea|lat=55|long=9|position=top|label=Tondern }}{{Location map~|North Sea|lat=52.94|long=1.21|position=bottom|label=Sheringham }}{{Location map~|North Sea|lat=53.5|long=5.7|position=right|label=Ameland }}{{Location map~|North Sea|lat=52.5|long=-2.1|position=bottom|label=Tipton }}{{Location map~|North Sea|lat=52.7|long=-1.6|position=top|label=Burton on Trent }}}} Commanded by Kapitänleutnant Odo Löwe, the L 19 left her base at Tondern (now Tønder in Denmark) at noon on 31 January 1916, one of nine navy Zeppelins to raid England that night.[5] This was part of a new, more aggressive strategy that had been brought to the German Navy with the recent appointment of Reinhard Scheer as its commander-in-chief.[6] The head of German naval airships, Fregattenkapitän Peter Strasser, was on board the L 11, leading the attack personally.[7] He had orders to bomb targets of opportunity in central and southern England, reaching Liverpool if possible.[7] The Zeppelins encountered thick fog in the North Sea, followed by rain clouds and snow off the English coast, and the attacking force became dispersed;[7] the nine airships crossed the English coast between 5:50pm and 7:20pm. The L 19 was the very last, crossing the coast near Sheringham. At 10:45pm, she reached Burton on Trent, becoming the third raider to attack the town that night.[8] She then proceeded south, dropping the remainder of her bomb load on several towns on the outskirts of Birmingham. At 12:20am, a pub in Tipton was destroyed;[9] buildings were also damaged in nearby Walsall and Birchills. She caused no casualties aside from some farm animals, although bombs dropped three hours earlier by her sister-ship, the L 21, killed 35 people in the area, including the wife of the Mayor of Walsall;[10] a total of 61 people were reported killed and 101 injured by the raid.[11] Due to the extreme difficulties of navigating with primitive equipment at night over a darkened countryside, the captain of the L 21 believed he had bombed Liverpool, in fact around {{convert|70|mi|km|-1}} away.[10] The L 19 made a slow, erratic return journey, doubling back several times; this was almost certainly due to engine trouble.[18] The Zeppelin force had been newly fitted with Maybach HSLu engines. While lighter and more powerful than those they replaced, the new engines were proving unreliable – five of the nine airships had suffered engine failures during the raid. The L 19 sent several signals, asking for a position fix by radio-triangulation and reporting the results of her bombing. The last signal was heard from her at 4pm on the day after the raid when she was {{convert|22|mi|km|-1}} north of the Dutch island of Ameland. She reported three out of four engines had failed and her Telefunken radio equipment was malfunctioning.[18] Around an hour later, the Zeppelin drifted low over the island, and Dutch units on the ground opened fire on her. The Netherlands was a neutral country and Dutch forces had standing orders to fire on overflying, foreign aircraft.[12][13] A south wind blew the L 19 offshore and, some time during the night of 1–2 February, the Zeppelin came down in the North Sea. Loewe dropped a bottle into the sea, with a report on his situation and with letters to his family; this was found a few weeks later by a yacht near Gothenburg, Sweden.[14] The German Navy put ships to sea that night to search for the L 19, but they only discovered one of her fuel-tanks, still containing fuel.[15] This was likely dropped as a desperate measure to save weight and remain aloft. The King Stephen IncidentThe next morning, the floating wreck of the airship was discovered by a British steam fishing trawler, King Stephen, of 162 tons,[16] commanded by William Martin (1869–1917). The vessel had sighted distress signals during the night and had spent several hours steaming towards them. Clinging to the wreck were the airship's 16 crew[17] The normal complement of a P-class Zeppelin was 18 or 19,[18] but Zeppelins flying on air-raids often flew short-handed, with two or three of the least needed crew members left behind in order to save weight.[19] The fishing vessel approached and Kapitänleutnant Loewe, who spoke English well, asked for rescue.[28] Martin refused. In a later newspaper interview, he stated that the nine crew of King Stephen were unarmed and badly outnumbered and would have had little chance of resisting the German airmen if, after being rescued, they had hijacked his vessel to sail it to Germany.[20] An alternative explanation for his action, suggested by a 2005 BBC documentary on the incident, is that King Stephen was in a zone in which fishing was prohibited by the British authorities and that Martin feared that if he returned to a British port with a large number of German prisoners, attention might have been drawn to this and he would have been banned from fishing.[21] Ignoring the Germans' pleas for help, promises of good conduct and even offers of money, Martin sailed away. He later said he intended to search for a Royal Navy ship to report his discovery to. However, he met none and the encounter with the L 19 was only reported to the British authorities on his return to King Stephen{{'}}s home port of Grimsby. The weather was worsening as King Stephen departed and the Zeppelin remained afloat for only a few hours. During this time, the L 19{{'}}s crew threw a bottle with messages into the sea. Discovered six months later by Swedish fishermen at Marstrand, the bottle contained personal last messages from the airmen to their families and a final report from Loewe.[22] {{quote|"Mit fünfzehn Mann auf der Plattform und dem First des in etwa 3°Ost schwimmenden Körpers des L19 versuche ich eine letzte Berichterstattung. Dreifache Motorhavarie, leichter Gegenwind auf der Rückfahrt verspäteten die Rückkehr und brachten mich in Nebel, dieser nach Holland, wo ich erhebliches Gewehrfeuer erhielt, es wurde schwer, gleichzeitig drei Motorpannen. Am 2. Februar 1916 nachmittags, etwa ein Uhr – ist wohl die letzte Stunde."|Loewe[32] }}{{quote|"With fifteen men on the top platform and backbone girder of the L 19, floating without gondolas in approximately 3 degrees East longitude, I am attempting to send a last report. Engine trouble three times repeated, a light wind on the return journey delayed our return and, in the mist, carried us over Holland where I was received with heavy rifle fire; the ship became heavy and simultaneously three engines broke down. 2 February 1916, towards one o'clock, will apparently be our last hour.|Loewe[23]}}Royal Navy ships made a search of the area, but they found no trace of the Zeppelin or her crew.[24] The body of one of the Germans washed ashore four months later at Løkken in Denmark.[25] In 1964, a journalist researching the incident checked Admiralty archives and interviewed two surviving members of King Stephen{{'}}s crew. This revealed that Martin had indeed been fishing in a forbidden zone and had initially given the naval authorities a false position for the Zeppelin in order to conceal this, making the Royal Navy search for the airship futile.[26] The incident received worldwide publicity and divided British public opinion. Captain Martin was condemned by many for leaving the German airmen to die. [27] Others, including Arthur Winnington-Ingram, the Bishop of London, praised Martin for placing the safety of his crew first and not trusting the promises of the Germans.[28] Some elements of the Allied press viewed the Germans' deaths as just "retribution" for their bombing of civilian targets.[29] German airship crews, sometimes referred to as "baby killers"[30] or "pirates" because of their bombing of civilians, were the subject of intense Allied propaganda and public hatred. Martin was vilified by the German press, as was the Bishop of London for supporting him.[23] The encounter between the L 19 and King Stephen also featured in German propaganda. The scene was recreated for a German propaganda film[31] and illustrated by an anti-British medal, designed by Karl X. Goetz who also designed the well-known Lusitania medal.[32] The incident was still remembered 25 years later, when it was used in Nazi-era, anti-British propaganda.[33]King Stephen never again sailed as a fishing vessel. After her return, she was taken over by the Royal Navy for use as a Q-ship, under the command of Lieutenant Tom Phillips RNR.[45] She was sunk 12 weeks later on 25 April 1916.[34] An official German communiqué, reported by the New York Times, stated she had been sunk by one of the German vessels taking part in the bombardment of Yarmouth and Lowestoft.[35] King Stephen, now fitted with a 3 pounder Hotchkiss gun,[48] had fired on and pursued a surfaced U-boat, but then inadvertently steamed directly into the path of the returning German fleet.[48] She was sunk by the torpedo boat {{SMS|G41}} and her crew taken prisoner.[32]King Stephen{{'}}s name was notorious to the Germans, and Lt. Phillips was charged with war crimes upon reaching Germany.[45] However, the charges were dropped and he and his crew were treated as normal prisoners-of-war after a photograph of William Martin was published in a British newspaper and the Germans realized they held another man.[36][37] William Martin himself died of heart failure in Grimsby on 24 February 1917, slightly over a year after encountering the L 19.[38] He had received a large numbers of letters, including both letters of support[37] and, reportedly, hate mail[39] and death threats.[40]In July 1939, an unexploded munition (described by a press report as an "Aerial Torpedo") was discovered near Kidderminster during renovation work on a bridge. At the time, it was believed to have been dropped by the L 19.[41] Surviving relicsOne of the L 19 crew's bottles, together with its messages, are surviving relics of the incident; they were displayed as part of an exhibition at the National Maritime Museum in London in 2001.[42] The Aeronauticum, the German naval aviation museum in Nordholz, displays one of the King Stephen{{'}}s lifebelts, as well as her Red Ensign flag, taken from the vessel before she was sunk.[43] Both the National Maritime Museum[44] and the National Air and Space Museum[45] in the United States own rare examples of Karl Goetz's medal. Specifications{{Aerospecs|ref={{cite web |url=http://www.zeppelin-museum.dk/main.php?page=airships&id=l-19&lang=dk | language =Danish|title=Zeppelin L 19 |author= |date= |work= |publisher= Zeppelin and Garrison Museum Tønder |accessdate=8 October 2010}} |met or eng?=met |crew=18 |capacity= |length m=163.5 |length ft=536 |length in=5 |span m= |span ft= |span in= |swept m= |swept ft= |swept in= |rot number= |rot dia m= |rot dia ft= |rot dia in= |dia m=18.7 |dia ft=61 |dia in=4 |width m= |width ft= |width in= |height m= |height ft= |height in= |wing area sqm= |wing area sqft= |swept area sqm= |swept area sqft= |rot area sqm= |rot area sqft= |volume m3=31,900 |volume ft3=1,126,400 |aspect ratio= |empty weight kg=21,704 |empty weight lb=47,900 |gross weight kg=37,066 |gross weight lb=81,600 |lift kg= |lift lb= |eng1 number=4 |eng1 type=Maybach C-X, later Maybach HSLu |eng1 kw=157 |eng1 hp=240 |eng1 kn= |eng1 lbf= |eng1 kn-ab= |eng1 lbf-ab= |eng2 number= |eng2 type= |eng2 kw= |eng2 hp= |eng2 kn= |eng2 lbf= |eng2 kn-ab= |eng2 lbf-ab= |max speed kmh=97.2 |max speed mph=60.4 |max speed mach= |cruise speed kmh= |cruise speed mph= |range km=4300 |range miles=2670 |endurance h= |endurance min= |ceiling m=2800 |ceiling ft=9186 |glide ratio= |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin= |sink rate ms= |sink rate ftmin= |armament1={{convert|1600|kg|lb|-1}} of bombs |armament2=MG 08 machine guns |armament3= |armament4= |armament5= |armament6= }} Notes1. ^Chant, page 109 2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.zeppelin-museum.dk/main.php?page=airships&id=l-19&lang=en |title=Zeppelin L 19 |author= |date= |work= |publisher= Zeppelin and Garrison Museum Tønder |accessdate=8 October 2010}} 3. ^1 Stephenson, page 13 4. ^Lehmann, Chapter 1 5. ^The navy Zeppelins L 11, L 13, L 14, L 15, L 16, L 17, L 19, L 20 and L 21 6. ^Robinson, page 120 7. ^1 2 Robinson, page 121 8. ^Robinson, page 126 9. ^The exact time was noted from a broken clock found in the debris. 10. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.expressandstar.com/millennium/1900/1900-1924/1916.html |title=Walsall Mayor dies in night of Zeppelin terror |author=Mick Powis |date= |work=Our Century |publisher=Express & Star |accessdate=11 March 2010}} 11. ^1 {{cite news | title = Damage in the Raid | work = The Times | date = 5 Feb 1916|page=7}} 12. ^{{cite news |title=No title |author= |newspaper= New York Times|date= 13 May 1916 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/05/13/archives/front-page-4-no-title.html}} 13. ^There was little risk of solid bullets creating a catastrophic fire in a hydrogen-filled Zeppelin (Zeppelins destroyed by fire were generally shot down by aircraft, specially armed with a mixture of explosive, tracer and incendiary ammunition) – see Lehmann, Chapter 6 . However, heavy rifle or machine-gun fire from the ground could cause many punctures in the gas bags that, given enough time, would compromise the airship's ability to remain airborne. Several German Zeppelins were lost this way. 14. ^{{cite news |title=Notes Tell Airship's Fate. Bottle Picked Up Contains Last Messages from the Zeppelin L-19. |author= |newspaper= New York Times|date= 25 February 1916 |url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1916/02/25/100193090.pdf}} 15. ^1 2 Robinson, page 127 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://float-trawlers.lancashire.gov.uk/index.php?a=showall&s=item&key=AYTozOntpOjA7czoxOiIxIjtpOjE7czoxOiI2IjtpOjI7czoxOiI3Ijt9&pg=1044 |title=King Stephen |author= |date= |work=Fleetwood Online Archive of Trawlers |publisher=Lancashire County Council |accessdate=30 June 2010}} 17. ^In contemporary reports, the number of surviving Germans varies wildly, with some stating there were as many as 44. In an interview by the Daily Mail, William Martin himself claimed there were 30 Germans on the Zeppelin, see New York Times, 5 February 1916. 18. ^Executive officer, commander, navigator, sailmaker (responsible for the gasbags), chief engineer, two altitude coxswains, two steering coxswains, and eight engineers. 19. ^Robinson, page 358 20. ^1 {{cite news |title=Tells of Leaving L-19 Crew to Die |author= |newspaper= New York Times|date= 5 February 1916 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1916/02/05/archives/tells-of-leaving-l19-crew-to-die-remembered-what-the-huns-have-done.html}} 21. ^{{cite press release | publisher = BBC | date = 15 Feb 2005 | title = Inside Out investigates why air raid on Midlands led to British fisherman being accused of war crimes | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/pressreleases/stories/2005/02_february/15/io_airraids.shtml | accessdate = }} 22. ^{{cite journal| date = 17 August 1916| title = Last Message from L-19| journal = Flight| volume = | issue = | series = | pages = 707| publisher = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1916/1916%20-%200709.html| accessdate = }} 23. ^1 Robinson, page 128 24. ^1 {{cite news |title=No title |author= |newspaper= New York Times|date= 5 February 1916 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1916/02/05/archives/article-3-no-title.html}} 25. ^{{cite news | title =German Airman's Fate | work = The Times | date = 24 June 1917|page=8}} 26. ^Chamberlain, page 48 27. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/zeppelin-crashes-into-north-sea|title= Feb 2, 1916:Zeppelin crashes into North Sea|author= |date= |work=This Day in History |publisher=History.com |accessdate=1 October 2010}} 28. ^{{cite news | title = Bishop of London and the Skipper | work = The Times | date = 7 Feb 1916|page=10}} 29. ^{{cite journal| date = 10 February 1916| title = RETRIBUTION. THE "KING STEPHEN" TRAWLER AND ZEPPELIN "L19" INCIDENT IN THE NORTH SEA.| journal = Flight| volume = | issue = | series = | pages = 111| publisher = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1916/1916%20-%200111.html| accessdate = }} 30. ^{{cite web| title = The end of the Baby-killer| url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_End_of_the_%27Baby-Killer%27.png| work = | publisher = Wikimedia| format = Postcard| accessdate = 2010-09-25}} 31. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.luftschiffharry.de/faq8.htm|title= L 19 und "King Stephen" |author= |language =German|date= |work=|publisher=www.luftschiffharry.de|accessdate=4 November 2010}} 32. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.karlgoetz.com/galleries/WWI/pages/K-174.html|title= K-174 Loss of Zeppelin L-19|author= |date= |work= World War I Satirical Series|publisher=The Art Work of Karl X Goetz|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 33. ^{{cite web |url= http://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/raub.htm|title= Robber State England |author= |date= |work= German Propaganda Archive|publisher=Calvin College|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 34. ^British Vessels Lost at Sea, pg 14 35. ^{{cite news |title=German Version of the Raid |author= |newspaper= New York Times|date= 27 April 1916 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1916/04/27/archives/german-version-of-the-raid.html}} 36. ^1 2 {{cite book |title= War Under the Red Ensign 1914–1918 |last=Edwards |first=Bernard |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2010 |publisher=Pen & Sword Maritime |location= |isbn=1-84884-229-5 |page=110 |pages= |url= |accessdate=}} 37. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.rna-carmarthen.org.uk/hmt_king_stephen,htm.shtml |title= HMT King Stephen|author= |date= 1 June 2003|work= |publisher= Royal Navy Association Camarthan Branch|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 38. ^{{cite news | title = News in Brief | work = The Times | date = 26 Feb 1917}} 39. ^{{cite journal| date = 1 March 1917| title = An Echo of the "L. 19" Incident| journal = Flight| volume = | issue = | series = | pages = 206| publisher = | url = http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1917/1917%20-%200206.html| accessdate = }} 40. ^{{cite news |title=Trawler and Zeppelin |author= |newspaper= Ashburton Guardian|date= 3 March 1919 |url=http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=AG19190303.2.37|page=8}} 41. ^{{cite news | title = Aerial Torpedo Found in Worcestershire | work = The Times | date = 1 August 1939|page=14}} 42. ^{{cite news |title=Message in a bottle sealed atrocity in a time capsule|author= Maev Kennedy |newspaper= The Guardian|date= 4 April 2001 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2001/apr/04/maevkennedy}} 43. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.zeppelin-museum.dk/D/german/historie/l-19/l-19.html |title=Das Tragödie von L19 |author= |date=March 2002 |work= |language=German|publisher= Zeppelin and Garrison Museum, Tondern |accessdate=1 July 2010}} 44. ^{{cite web | url=http://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/39830.html | title=Medal commemorating the loss of the airship 'L19', 1916 | publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich | accessdate=27 August 2013}} 45. ^{{cite web | url=http://airandspace.si.edu/collections/artifact.cfm?id=A19640480000 | title=Medal, Zeppelin L-19 Airship Disaster | publisher=Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum | accessdate=27 August 2013}} References{{Reflist|30em}}Bibliography
External links
8 : Accidents and incidents involving balloons and airships|Accidents and incidents involving military aircraft|Airships of the Imperial German Navy|Aviation accidents and incidents in 1916|Aviation accidents and incidents in the Netherlands|German bomber aircraft 1910–1919|Hydrogen airships|Zeppelins |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。