“Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Abbé Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille, formerly sometimes spelled de la Caille, ({{IPA-fr|lakaj|lang}}; 15 March 1713 – 21 March 1762)^[1] was a French astronomer who named 15 out of the 88 constellations. From 1750-1754 he studied the sky at the Cape of Good Hope in present day South Africa. Lacaille observed over 10,000 stars using just a half-inch refractor.^[2]

Biography

Born at Rumigny (in present-day Ardennes), he attended school in Mantes-sur-Seine (now Mantes-la-Jolie). Afterwards, he studied rhetoric and philosophy at the Collège de Lisieux and then theology at the Collège de Navarre. He was left destitute in 1731 by the death of his father, who had held a post in the household of the duchess of Vendôme. However, he was supported in his studies by the Duc de Bourbon, his father's former patron.^[3]

After he graduated, he did not accept ordination as a priest but took deacon's orders, becoming an Abbé. He concentrated thereafter on science, and, through the patronage of Jacques Cassini, obtained employment, first in surveying the coast from Nantes to Bayonne, then, in 1739, in remeasuring the French arc of the meridian, for which he is honored with a pyramid at Juvisy-sur-Orge. The success of this difficult operation, which occupied two years, and achieved the correction of the anomalous result published by Jacques Cassini in 1718, was mainly due to Lacaille's industry and skill. He was rewarded by admission to the Royal Academy of Sciences and appointment as Professor of mathematics in the Mazarin college of the University of Paris, where he constructed a small observatory fitted for his own use. He was the author of a number of influential textbooks and a firm advocate of Newtonian gravitational theory. Among his students were Antoine Lavoisier and Jean Sylvan Bailly, both of whom were guillotined during the Revolution.

Voyage to the Cape of Good Hope

His desire to determine the distances of the planets trigonometrically, using the longest possible baseline, led him to propose, in 1750, an expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. This was officially sanctioned by Roland-Michel Barrin de La Galissonière. There, he constructed an observatory on the shore of Table Bay with the support of the Dutch Governor Ryk Tulbagh. The primary result of his two-year stay was observed nearly 10,000 southern stars, the production of which required observing every night for over a year. In the course of his survey he took note of 42 nebulous objects. He also achieved his aim of determining the lunar and solar parallaxes (Mars serving as an intermediary). This work required near-simultaneous observations from Europe which were carried out by Jérôme Lalande.

His southern catalogue, called Coelum Australe Stelliferum, was published posthumously in 1763. He found it necessary to introduce 14 new constellations which have since become standard.^[4] One of these was Mons Mensae, the only constellation named after a terrestrial feature (the Table Mountain).

While at the Cape, Lacaille determined the radius of the earth in the southern hemisphere. He set out a baseline in the Swartland plain north of present-day Darling. Using triangulation he then measured a 137 km arc of meridian between Cape Town and Aurora, determining the latitudes of the end points by means of astronomical observations. There is a memorial to his work at a location near Aurora, pictured here. His result suggested that the earth was more flattened towards the south pole than towards the north. George Everest,^[5] of the Indian Survey, while recuperating from an illness at the Cape nearly seventy years later, suggested that Lacaille's latitude observations had been affected by the gravitational attraction of Table Mountain at the southern end and by the Piketberg Mountain at the northern. In 1838, Thomas Maclear, who was Astronomer Royal at the Cape, repeated the measurements over a longer baseline and ultimately confirmed Everest's conjecture. Maclear's Beacon was erected on the Table Mountain in Cape Town to help with the verification.^[6]

Computing

During his voyage to the southern hemisphere as a passenger on the vessel Le Glorieux, captained by the noted hydrographer Jean-Baptiste d'Après de Mannevillette, Lacaille became conscious of the difficulties in determining positions at sea. On his return to Paris he prepared the first set of tables of the Moon's position that was accurate enough to use for determining time and longitude by the method of 'Lunars' (Lunar distances) using the orbital theory of Clairaut. Lacaille was in fact an indefatigable calculator. Apart from constructing astronomical ephemerides and mathematical tables, he calculated a table of eclipses for 1800 years. Lalande said of him that, during a comparatively short life, he had made more observations and calculations than all the astronomers of his time put together. The quality of his work rivalled its quantity, while the disinterestedness and rectitude of his moral character earned him universal respect.

Later life

On his return to Paris in 1754, following a diversion to Mauritius, Lacaille was distressed to find himself an object of public attention. He resumed his work at the Mazarin College.

In 1757 he published his Astronomiae Fundamenta Novissimus, containing a list of about 400 bright stars with positions corrected for aberration and nutation. He carried out calculations on comet orbits and was responsible for giving Halley's Comet its name. His last public lecture, given on 14 September 1761 at the Royal Academy of Sciences, summarised the improvements to astronomy that had occurred during his lifetime, to which he had made no small contribution.

His death, probably caused in part by over-work, occurred in 1762. He was buried in the vaults of the Mazarin College, now the Institut de France in Paris.

Honours

In 1754, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. He was also an honorary member of the academies of Saint Petersburg and Berlin, the Royal Society of London and the Royal Society of Göttingen, and the Institute of Bologna.^[7]

The crater "La Caille" on the Moon is named after him. Asteroid 9135 Lacaille (AKA 7609 P-L and 1994 EK6), discovered on 17 October 1960 by Cornelis Johannes van Houten, Ingrid van Houten-Groeneveld and Tom Gehrels at Palomar Observatory, was also named after him.

In honor of his contribution to the study of the southern hemisphere sky, a 60-cm telescope at Reunion Island will be named the Lacaille Telescope.^[8]

Main works

Notes

1. ^The traditional birth date of 15 March 1713 has been questioned due to many infants of the Catholic Church being baptised on the day of their birth in the 17th and 18th centuries. Thomas Hockey et al.: The Biographical Dictionary of Astronomers, Springer, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-387-31022-0}}, p665; and his baptism date is 15 December 1713; babies were normally baptised on the day that they were born. {{cite journal|last=Boquet|first=F.|title=Le Bicentenaire de Lacaille|journal=L'Astronomie|year=1913|volume=27|pages=457–473|bibcode = 1913LAstr..27..457B }}. see page 459
2. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~dolan/constellations/extra/Lacaille.html|title=Abbé Nicolas Louis de Lacaille|website=www.astro.wisc.edu|access-date=2019-02-18}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Nicolas-Louis de La Caille. Astronomer and Geodesist|author=Glass, I.S.|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|date=2013|ISBN= 978-0-19-966840-3}}
4. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/startales1d.htm| title = Star Tales| accessdate = 24 January 2009| first = Ian| last=Ridpath}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last=Everest|first=George|title=On the Triangulation of the Cape of Good Hope|journal=Memoirs Roy. Astr. Society|year=1821|volume=I, pt. II|pages=255–270}}
6. ^{{cite book|last=Maclear|first=T.|title=Verification and Extension of Lacaille's Arc of Meridian at the Cape of Good Hope|date=1866|volume=I|publisher=Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty}}
7. ^Thomas Hockey et al. The Biographical Dictionary of Astronomers, Springer, 2007, {{ISBN|978-0-387-31022-0}}, p666
8. ^{{cite web|title=TÉLESCOPE LACAILLE DE 60CM DES MAKES (ILE DE LA RÉUNION)|url=http://www.imcce.fr/en/observateur/t60.php|publisher=IMCCE|accessdate=1 December 2011}}(French)
9. ^{{citation | first1=Robert Bruce | last1=Thompson | first2=Barbara Fritchman | last2=Thompson | title=Illustrated guide to astronomical wonders | series=DIY science | publisher=O'Reilly Media, Inc. |year=2007 | isbn=0-596-52685-7 | page=413 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ymt9nj_uPhwC&pg=PA413 }}
10. ^Lacaille's "Catalog of Nebulae of the Southern Sky" in SEDS' Messier Database