| 词条 | Zygaena ephialtes |
| 释义 |
| image = Zygaenidae - Zygaena ephialtes.JPG | image_caption = Ephialtoid form | image2 = VeraenderlichesWidderchen(Zygaena ephialtes).jpg | image2_caption = Peucedanoid form | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Lepidoptera | familia = Zygaenidae | genus = Zygaena | species = Z. ephialtes | binomial = Zygaena ephialtes | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1767) | synonyms =
}}Zygaena ephialtes is day flying species of burnet moth found in Europe.[1] It is typically found in xeric habitats, and populations have recently decreased.[2] It also exhibits Müllerian mimicry with other species, like Amata phegea.[3][4] DescriptionZ. ephialtes typically fly during the day. Adult butterfly flight is often characterized as slow. As characteristic of Zygaenidae moths, they have prominent spots on their wings, which alerts predators that they contain toxins.[1]RangeThis family of moths is spead throughout most of Europe, ranging from Spain to the Ural Mountains. It is not found in the British Isles, northern Europe, or certain islands in the Mediterranean.[2][3] HabitatA study was done by Jakub Horak that focused on populations in the Czech Republic.[2] Many previously unknown habitat preferences of Z. ephialtes were found. This species cannot survive in forested areas or areas with a closed canopy. Z. ephialtes prefer xeric conditions, and were rarely found in more humid areas. The two times they were found in non-exeric areas, the areas were previously xeric sites that were abandoned. The xeric areas that were studied also had many species that are specifically associated with xeric environments, referred to as xeric specialists. Some of these species include Phengaris arion, Psophus stridulus, Polyommatus coridon, Polyommatus daphnis, Plebjus argus, and Zygaena carniolica. This study showed that Z. ephialtes is an important part of xeric habitats.[2] BehaviorMigrationBecause of the slower nature of the adult butterflies' movement, a typical butterfly's range was thought to be on the smaller side. However, after observing populations in the Czech Republic, it was found that this species was found during quick flying events over longer distances.[2] Life cycleEggsThe eggs are pale yellow. They are laid in a single layer and in many batches.[2] CaterpillarsCaterpillars appear yellow with small black portions.[2] PupaePupae appear brown and are typically found on the stems of grasses.[2]AdultsZ. ephialtes are one of the largest species of burnet moths. Their flight has been described as slow and undulating.[2]Host plantsThere are many host plants for Z. ephialtes. The most common are Coronilla emerus, Coronilla varia, Securigera varia (purple crown vetch) and Hippocrepis comosa (horseshoe vetch). Another species that has been observed less frequently is Hippocrepis emerus (scorpion senna).[2] MimicryAmata phegea is another spotted moth species that looks similar to Z. ephialtes.[3][4] Because Z. ephialtes is unpalatable to other species, A. phegea takes advantage of this. Z. ephialtes is hyper-polymorphic, with two main forms- peucedanoid or ephialtoid. The peucedanoid form consists of a colored forewing and hindwing with spots. The ephialtoid form consists of all the forewing spots being white except the two basal spots, and the hindwings being black with a white spot. Either of these forms can be red or yellow. The yellow form has been found to be more advantageous than the red one.[3][4][5][6]SubspeciesSubspecies include:[7] {{div col|colwidth=22em}}
ConservationAs mentioned earlier, this species is an integral part of xeric environments.[2] However, with the decline in these environments, the species is also vanishing from many of these regions. Because of changing environments, these butterflies are required to travel longer than normal distances to find suitable habitats. Populations are declining. Some sources say that this species is critically endangered. Recently there has been some human involvement with the species by protecting some xeric sites that the butterflies inhabit.[2] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|title=The butterfly fauna of the Italian Maritime Alps: results of the EDIT project|journal=Zoosystema|volume=37|pages=139–167|doi=10.5252/z2015n1a6|year = 2015|last1 = Bonelli|first1 = Simona|last2=Barbero|first2=Francesca|last3=Casacci|first3=Luca Pietro|last4=Cerrato|first4=Cristiana|last5=Balletto|first5=Emilio|hdl=2318/150963}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q2166753}}2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 {{Cite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266205205 |title=Habitat requirements of conspicuous burnet moth Zygaena ephialtes (Linnaeus, 1767; Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae) (PDF Download Available) |website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=Sbordoni|first=V.|last2=Bullini|first2=L.|last3=Scarpelli|first3=G.|last4=Forestiero|first4=S.|last5=Rampini|first5=M.|date=1979-02-01|title=Mimicry in the burnet moth Zygaena ephialtes: population studies and evidence of a Batesian—Müllerian situation |journal=Ecological Entomology |language=en |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=83–93 |doi=10.1111/j.1365-2311.1979.tb00563.x |issn=1365-2311}} 4. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Ecological Genetics and Evolution |last=Turner|first=J. R. G.|date=1971|publisher=Springer |isbn=9781475704341 |pages=224–260|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-1-4757-0432-7_11|chapter = Studies of Müllerian Mimicry and its Evolution in Burnet Moths and Heliconid Butterflies}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Anderson|first=T. R.|last2=Slotkin|first2=T. A.|date=1975-08-15|title=Maturation of the adrenal medulla--IV. Effects of morphine|journal=Biochemical Pharmacology|volume=24|issue=16|pages=1469–1474|issn=1873-2968|pmid=7|doi=10.1016/0006-2952(75)90020-9}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Chow|first=Y. W.|last2=Pietranico|first2=R.|last3=Mukerji|first3=A.|date=1975-10-27|title=Studies of oxygen binding energy to hemoglobin molecule|journal=Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications|volume=66|issue=4|pages=1424–1431|issn=0006-291X|pmid=6|doi=10.1016/0006-291x(75)90518-5}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/details/species/id/4eba8d8f1c2c89f2aa8b7a17f32bec14|title=Catalogue of Life: Zygaena ephialtes Linnaeus, 1767 |website=www.catalogueoflife.org |language=en|access-date=2017-11-15}} 4 : Zygaena|Moths of Europe|Moths described in 1767|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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