“Åland Islands”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Åland Islands or Åland ({{lang-sv|Åland}}, {{IPA-sv|ˈoːland|IPA}}; {{lang-fi|Ahvenanmaa}}) is an archipelago province at the entrance to the Gulf of Bothnia in the Baltic Sea belonging to Finland. It is autonomous, demilitarised and is the only monolingually Swedish-speaking region in Finland. It is the smallest region of Finland, constituting 0.49% of its land area and 0.50% of its population.

Åland comprises Fasta Åland on which 90% of the population resides^[7] and a further 6,500 skerries and islands to its east.^[8] Fasta Åland is separated from the coast of Sweden by {{convert|38|km|mi|0}} of open water to the west. In the east, the Åland archipelago is contiguous with the Finnish Archipelago Sea. Åland's only land border is located on the uninhabited skerry of Märket, which it shares with Sweden.^[9]

Åland's autonomous status means that those provincial powers normally exercised by representatives of the central Finnish government are largely exercised by its own government.

Autonomy

The autonomous status of the islands was affirmed by a decision made by the League of Nations in 1921 following the Åland Islands dispute. It was reaffirmed within the treaty admitting Finland to the European Union. By law, Åland is politically neutral and entirely demilitarised, and residents are exempt from conscription to the Finnish Defence Forces. The islands were granted extensive autonomy by the Parliament of Finland in the Act on the Autonomy of Åland of 1920, which was later replaced by new legislation by the same name in 1951 and 1991. The constitution of Finland defines a "constitution of Åland" by referring to this act. Åland remains exclusively Swedish-speaking by this act.^[10]

In connection with Finland's admission to the European Union, a protocol was signed concerning the Åland Islands that stipulates, among other things, that provisions of the European Community Treaty shall not force a change of the existing restrictions for foreigners (i.e., persons who do not enjoy "home region rights"—{{lang|sv|hembygdsrätt}}—in Åland) to acquire and hold real property or to provide certain services.^[11]

Etymology

Åland's original name was in the Proto-Norse language *{{lang|non|Ahvaland}} which means "land of water". In Swedish, this first developed into {{lang|sv|Áland}} and eventually into {{lang|sv|Åland}}, literally "river land"—even though rivers are not a prominent feature of Åland's geography. The Finnish and Estonian names of the island, {{lang|fi|Ahvenanmaa}} and {{lang|et|Ahvenamaa}} ("perch land"), are seen to preserve another form of the old name.^[12]

Another theory suggests that the Finnish {{lang|fi|Ahvenanmaa}} would be the original name of the archipelago, from which the Swedish {{lang|sv|Åland}} derives.^[13]

The official name, {{lang|sv|Landskapet Åland}}, means "the Region of Åland"; {{lang|sv|landskap}} is cognate to English "landscape".

History

Members of the Neolithic Comb Ceramic culture started settling the islands some 7000 years ago, after the islands had begun to re-emerge from the sea after being pushed down by the weight of the continental ice of the latest ice-age. Two neolithic cultures met on Åland: the Comb Ceramic culture and the later Pit-Comb Ware culture which spread from the west.{{citation needed|date= September 2018}}^[14]

Along with Finland, the Åland Islands formed part of the territory ceded to Russia by Sweden under the Treaty of Fredrikshamn in September 1809. As a result, they became part of the semi-autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland (1809-1917). During negotiations, Sweden failed to secure a provision that the islands not be fortified. The issue was important not only for Sweden but also for the United Kingdom, which became concerned{{when?|date=March 2019}} that a military presence on the islands could threaten Britain's military and commercial interests{{which?|date=March 2019}}.

In 1832 Russia started to fortify the islands with the great fortress of Bomarsund. In 1854, as part of the campaign in the Baltic during the Crimean War against Russia, a combined British and French force of warships and marines captured and destroyed the fortress. The 1856 Treaty of Paris demilitarised the entire Åland archipelago.^[15]

During the Finnish Civil War, in 1918, Swedish troops intervened as a peacekeeping force between the Russian troops stationed on the islands and "White" and "Red" Finnish troops who came from Finland over the frozen sea. (Historians{{who|date= July 2015}} point out that Sweden may have in reality planned to occupy the islands.) Within weeks, the Swedish troops gave way to German troops who occupied Åland at the request of the "White" (conservative) Senate of Finland.

After 1917 the residents of the islands worked towards having them ceded to Sweden. In 1919 96.4% of the voters on the islands signed a petition for secession from Finland and for integration with Sweden, with over 95% in favour.^[16] Swedish nationalist sentiments had strengthened particularly as a result of the anti-Swedish tendencies in Finland and as a result of Finnish nationalism fueled by Finland's struggle to retain its autonomy and resistance against Russification. The conflict between the Swedish-speaking minority and the Finnish-speaking majority on the Finnish mainland, prominent in Finnish politics since the 1840s, contributed to the apprehension of the Åland population about a future within Finland.

Finland, however, declined to cede the islands and instead offered the islanders an autonomous status. Nevertheless, the residents did not approve the offer, and the dispute over the islands went before the League of Nations. The latter decided that Finland should retain sovereignty over the province but that the Åland Islands should be made an autonomous territory. Thus Finland was obliged to ensure the residents of the Åland Islands the right to maintain the Swedish language, as well as their own culture and local traditions. The 1921 Åland convention established the neutral status of Åland by international treaty, prohibiting the placing of military installations or forces on the islands.^[17]

The combination of disappointment about insufficient support from Sweden in the League of Nations, Swedish disrespect for Åland's demilitarised status in the 1930s, and some feelings of a shared destiny with Finland during and after World War II has changed the islanders' perception of Åland's relation to Finland from "a Swedish province in Finnish possession" to "an autonomous part of Finland".^[18]{{failed verification|date=March 2019}}

The islanders enjoyed safety at sea during World War II (1939-1945), as their merchant fleet sailed both for the Allied countries and for Germany. Consequently, Åland shipping was not generally attacked, as each side rarely knew which cargo was being carried to whom.

Finland marked the 150th anniversary of demilitarisation of the Åland Islands by issuing a high-value commemorative coin, the €5 150th Anniversary of Demilitarisation of Åland Islands commemorative coin, minted in 2006. The obverse depicts a pine tree, very typical in the Åland Islands. The reverse design features a boat's stern and rudder, with a dove perched on the tiller, a symbol of 150 years of peace.

Politics

The Åland Islands are governed according to the Act on the Autonomy of Åland and international treaties. These laws guarantee the islands' autonomy from Finland, which has ultimate sovereignty over them, as well as a demilitarised status. The Government of Åland, or {{lang|sv|Landskapsregering}}, answers to the Parliament of Åland, or {{lang|sv|Lagting}}, in accordance with the principles of parliamentarism.^[10]

Åland has its own flag and has issued its own postage stamps since 1984.^[19] It runs its own police force, and is an associate member of the Nordic Council.^[20] The islands are demilitarised, and the population is exempt from conscription. Although Åland's autonomy preceded the creation of the regions of Finland, the autonomous government of Åland also has responsibility for the functions undertaken by Finland's regional councils. Åland Post provides postal services to the islands, and is a member of the Small European Postal Administration Cooperation. The islands are considered a separate "nation" for amateur radio purposes and have their own call sign prefix granted by Finland, OH0, OF0 and OG0 (last character is zero).^[21] Even though Åland is economically dependent on Finland, independence movement gains wide popularity among people. {{citation needed|date=October 2018}}

The Åland Islands are guaranteed representation in the Finnish parliament, to which they elect one representative. Åland also has a different system of political parties from the mainland (see List of political parties in Finland).

Administration

The State Department of Åland represents the Finnish central government and performs many administrative duties. It has a somewhat different function from the other Regional Administrative Agencies, owing to its autonomy. Before 2010, the state administration was handled by the Åland State Provincial Office.

Åland has its own postal administration but still uses the Finnish five-digit postal code system, using the number range 22000–22999, with the prefix AX. The lowest numbered postal code is for the capital Mariehamn, AX 22100, and the highest AX 22950 for Jurmo.

Municipalities

Geography

The Åland Islands occupy a position of strategic importance, as they command one of the entrances to the port of Stockholm, as well as the approaches to the Gulf of Bothnia, in addition to being situated near the Gulf of Finland.

The Åland archipelago includes nearly three hundred habitable islands, of which about eighty are inhabited; the remainder are merely some 6,200 skerries and desolate rocks.^[8] The archipelago is connected to Åboland archipelago in the east ({{lang-fi|Turunmaan saaristo}}, {{lang-sv|Åbolands skärgård}})—the archipelago adjacent to the southwest coast of Finland. Together they form the Archipelago Sea. To the West from Åland is the Sea of Åland and to the North is the Bothnian Sea.

The surface of the islands is generally rocky and the soil thin due to glacial stripping at the end of the most recent ice age.^[8] The islands also contain many meadows that are home to many different kinds of insects, such as the Glanville fritillary butterfly. There are several harbours.

The islands' landmass occupies a total area of {{convert|1527|km2|mi2|0}}.^[24] Ninety percent of the population live on Fasta Åland, which is also the site of the capital town of Mariehamn. Fasta Åland is the largest island in the archipelago. Its area is difficult to estimate due to its irregular shape and coastline, but estimates range from 740 square kilometres^[8] to 879 square kilometres^[25] to over 1,010 square kilometres, depending on what is included or excluded.

During the Åland Islands dispute, the parties sought support from different maps of the islands. On the Swedish map, the most densely populated main island dominated, and many skerries were left out. On the Finnish map, many smaller islands or skerries were, for technical reasons, given a slightly exaggerated size. The Swedish map made the islands appear to be closer to the mainland of Sweden than to Finland; the Finnish map stressed the continuity of the archipelago between the main island and mainland Finland, while a greater gap appeared between the islands and the archipelago on the Swedish side. One consequence is the often repeated number of "over 6,000" skerries that was given authority by the outcome of the arbitration.{{Citation needed|date=January 2017}}

Climate

Åland has a humid continental climate that is influenced by its maritime position, especially in summer. While summers are cooler than on both the Swedish and Finnish mainland, winters see little difference to the adjacent parts of Sweden and are only narrowly milder than in mainland Finland.

Economy

Åland's economy is heavily dominated by shipping, trade and tourism. Shipping represents about 40% of the economy, with several international carriers owned and operated off Åland. Most companies aside from shipping are small, with fewer than ten employees. Farming and fishing are important in combination with the food industry. A few high-profile technology companies contribute to a prosperous economy. Wind power is rapidly developing, aiming at reversing the direction in the cables to the mainland in coming years. In December 2011, wind power accounted for 31.5% of Åland's total electricity usage.{{Citation needed|date= January 2017}}

The main ports are Mariehamn (south), Berghamn (west) and Långnäs on the eastern shore of the Main Island.

Mariehamn served as the base for the last large oceanic commercial sailing-ships in the world. Their final tasks involved bringing Australian wheat to Great Britain, a trade which Åland shipowner Gustaf Erikson kept going until 1947. The ships latterly made only one round-trip from South Australia to Britain per year, (the grain race), after each marathon voyage going back to Mariehamn to lay up for a few months. The ship Pommern, now a museum in Mariehamn, was one of these last vessels.

The abolition of tax-free sales on ferry boats travelling between destinations within the European Union made Finland demand an exception for the Åland Islands on the European Union value-added tax rules. The exception allows for maintained tax-free sales on the ferries between Sweden and Finland (provided they stop at Mariehamn or Långnäs) and at the airport, but has also made Åland a different tax-zone, meaning that tariffs must be levied on goods brought to the islands.

The Finnish State also collects taxes, duties and fees in Åland. In return, the Finnish Government places a sum of money at the disposal of the Åland Parliament. The sum is 0.5% of total Government income, excluding Government loans. If the sum paid to the Finnish state exceeds 0.5%, then any amount above goes back to the Parliament of Åland as "diligence money".^[29] In 2010 the amount of taxes paid by Åland Islanders comprised 0.7% of the total taxes paid in Finland.^[30]

According to Eurostat, {{as of | 2006 | lc = on}} Åland was the 20th-wealthiest of the EU's 268 regions, and the wealthiest in Finland, with a GDP per inhabitant 47% above the EU mean.^[31]^[32]

While the official currency is the Euro, most businesses in Åland unofficially accept the Swedish krona.^[33]

Demographics

Immigration

Births and deaths

Ethnicity and language

Most inhabitants speak Swedish (the sole official language) as their first language: 90.2% in 2009, while 5.0% spoke Finnish. The language of instruction in publicly financed schools is Swedish (In the rest of Finland, bilingual municipalities provide schooling both in Finnish and in Swedish). (See Åland Swedish for information about the dialect.)

The issue of the ethnicity of the Ålanders, and the correct linguistic classification of their language, remains somewhat sensitive and controversial. They may be considered either ethnic Swedes or Swedish-speaking Finns, but their language is closer to the Uppländska dialect of Sweden than to Finland Swedish. See Languages of Sweden.

Religion

The majority of the population, 74.5%, belongs to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland.^[37] The Åland islands contain Finland's oldest Christian churches, including St. Olaf's Church, Jomala, which dating from the late 13th century is likely to be the oldest in Finland. The Åland Islands' largest church is the Church of St. George in Sund, dating from shortly after.^[38]

Sport

See also

References

1. ^Tim Vickery, Associated Press (18 July 2004) Deseret News.
2. ^{{cite book|author=Hurst Hannum|title=Basic Documents on Autonomy and Minority Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oV3pKJfnvcC|year=1993|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=0-7923-1977-X|chapter=Agreement between Sweden and Finland Relating to Guarantees in the Law of 7 May 1920 on the Autonomy of the Aaland Islands|page=141}}
3. ^{{cite web |url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vamuu/005_vamuu_tau_101.px/?rxid=f57a9b0d-6b40-4851-a896-18275f7b60dd |title=Ennakkoväkiluku sukupuolen mukaan alueittain, helmikuu.2016|website=Pxnet2.stat.fi |accessdate=31 March 2016}}
4. ^[https://www.asub.ax/sv?iPage=46 "Ålands officiella statistikmyndighet"]. asub.ax.
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asub.ax/text.con?iPage=227|title=Välkommen till ÅSUB! - Ålands statistik- och utredningsbyrå|website=Asub.ax|accessdate=26 October 2017}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url=https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/|title=Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab|website=hdi.globaldatalab.org|language=en|access-date=2018-09-13}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.osterholm.info/aland/index.html|title=The Aland Islands|date=9 May 2012|website=Osterholm.info|accessdate=26 October 2017|deadurl=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509120701/http://www.osterholm.info/aland/index.html|archivedate=9 May 2012|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^¹²³{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor-last=Scheffel|editor-first=Richard L.|location=United States of America|pages=3|quote=|editor-last2=Wernet|editor-first2=Susan J.|via=}}
9. ^An account of the border on Märket and how it was redrawn in 1985 appears in Hidden Europe Magazine, 11 (November 2006) pp. 26–29, {{ISSN|1860-6318}}
10. ^¹²{{cite web |url=http://www.finlex.fi/en/laki/kaannokset/1991/en19911144.pdf |title=Act on the Autonomy of Åland |date=1991 |website=Finlex |publisher= |access-date= 25 January 2017}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eurooppatiedotus.fi/public/download.aspx?ID=123677&GUID=%7B2534ca4e-598b-4ae6-b067-76c3b3715642%7D |title=Åland in the European Union |page=7 |date=2013 |website=Europe Information |publisher=Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland |access-date= 25 January 2017}}
12. ^Virrankoski, Pentti (2001). {{lang|fi|Suomen historia. Ensimmäinen osa}}. SKS. {{ISBN|951-746-321-9}}. p. 59.
13. ^Lars Hulden (2001) Finlandssvenska bebyggelsenamn; Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland. {{ISBN|951-583-071-0}}.
14. ^¹{{cite web |url= http://www.alandsmuseum.ax/en/historiens-aland/ |title= åland, the history |author= |date= |website= |publisher= Aland Museum |access-date= 2016-01-15 |quote=}}
15. ^{{cite web|url= https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1918/03/24/121603852.pdf|title= Uneasy Sweden and the Menace of Prussianism; An Analysis of the Scandinavian Situation in View of Kaiser's Reported Ambition to Make the Baltic a German Lake|website= Query.nytimes.com|accessdate= 26 October 2017}}
16. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.sudd.ch/event.php?lang=en&id=ax011919|title= Åland-Inseln (Finnland), ??. Juni 1919 : Anschluss an Schweden [in German]|first= Beat Müller, beat (at-sign) sudd (dot)|last= ch|website= Sudd.ch|accessdate= 26 October 2017}}
17. ^{{cite book |last= Elgán |first= Elisabeth |date= 2015 |title= Historical Dictionary of Sweden |url= |location= |publisher= Rowman & Littlefield |page= 26 | isbn= 9781442250710}}
18. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=GAQ8vIJE8_QC The recognition of states: law and practice in debate and evolution], Thomas D. Grant, illustrated, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, {{ISBN|0-275-96350-0}}, {{ISBN|978-0-275-96350-7}}, pp. 129–30
19. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.alandstamps.com/en/products/stamps/product-catalogue-1984-2014 |title=Product catalogue |website=Aland Stamps |access-date=10 February 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.eurotrib.com/story/2007/11/7/53338/0615 |title=The 2007 Session of the Nordic Council |date=2007 |website=European Tribune |publisher= |access-date=10 February 2017 |quote=}}
21. ^{{cite web |url=http://rsgb.org/main/operating/licensing-novs-visitors/international-prefixes/ |title=International Prefixes |publisher=Radio Society of Great Britain |access-date= 10 February 2017}}
22. ^{{cite web |title=Allt fler hemundervisare flyttar till Åland |url=http://www.alandstidningen.ax/nyheter/allt-fler-hemundervisare |website=Ålandstidningen |accessdate=12 August 2015 }}
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vamuu/statfin_vamuu_pxt_001.px/?rxid=6c2b3d86-5c9d-4be3-8fc3-6008576380c4|title=Ennakkoväkiluku muuttujina Kuukausi, Alue, Sukupuoli ja Tiedot-Tilastokeskuksen PX-Web tietokannat|author=|date=|website=stat.fi}}
24. ^{{cite web|title=Statistical Yearbook of Finland 2016|page=505|accessdate=2017-02-07|url=http://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/tiedostot/julkaisuluettelo/yyti_stv_201600_2016_16179_net.pdf|format=PDF|website=Stat.fi|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080945/http://www.stat.fi/tup/julkaisut/tiedostot/julkaisuluettelo/yyti_stv_201600_2016_16179_net.pdf|archivedate=11 February 2017|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EsWT8Ukcq48C&pg=PA251&lpg=PA251&dq=size+of+fasta+aland&source=bl&ots=FAuxJjaCsZ&sig=hJgG0MlOq_0LYhMo7wcJJ1ml3ys&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjQlLav9P7RAhXDKWMKHZJPBSs4ChDoAQgZMAA#v=onepage&q=aland&f=false|title=Biodiversity and Climate Change: Reports and Guidance Developed Under the Bern Convention|last=Europe|first=Council of|date=2012-01-01|publisher=Council of Europe|year=|isbn=9789287170590|location=|pages=251|language=en|quote=|via=}}
26. ^{{cite web| url =http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p66.php| title=Finland climate averages 1981–2010| publisher =Météo Climat}}
27. ^{{cite web| url=http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/index.php?page=stati&id=879| title=Extreme values for Jomala Maarianahaminan Lentoansema| publisher = Météo Climat| date= March 19, 2017}}
28. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.asub.ax/files/arblos_01_2014.pdf |title= Archived copy |accessdate= 2014-08-12 |deadurl= yes |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140812104216/http://www.asub.ax/files/arblos_01_2014.pdf |archivedate= 12 August 2014 |df= dmy-all }}
29. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.lagtinget.ax/text.con?iPage=32&m=167|title= Lagtingets uppgifter|date= 22 October 2015|website= Lagtinget.ax|accessdate= 26 October 2017}}
30. ^{{cite web|url= http://www.ambetsverket.ax/files/d_10_11_04_1_201211_skattegorelsebeslut_2010.pdf|title = Wayback Machine|date= 13 March 2013|website= Web.archive.org|accessdate= 26 October 2017|deadurl= bot: unknown|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130313205638/http://www.ambetsverket.ax/files/d_10_11_04_1_201211_skattegorelsebeslut_2010.pdf|archivedate= 13 March 2013|df= dmy-all}}
31. ^{{cite web|url= http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-CD-07-001-13/EN/KS-CD-07-001-13-EN.PDF|title= Wayback Machine|date= 20 August 2012|website= Web.archive.org|accessdate= 26 October 2017|deadurl= bot: unknown|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120820071236/http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/cache/ITY_OFFPUB/KS-CD-07-001-13/EN/KS-CD-07-001-13-EN.PDF|archivedate= 20 August 2012|df= dmy-all}}
32. ^{{cite news |title= Ahvenanmaa on EU:n 20. vaurain alue |url= http://www.hs.fi/talous/artikkeli/Ahvenanmaa+on+EUn+20+vaurain+alue/1135243664753 |work= Helsingin Sanomat|date= 19 February 2009|accessdate= 19 July 2009}}
33. ^{{Citation| last1 = Symington| first1 = Andy| last2 = Bain| first2 = Carolyn| last3 = Bonetto| first3 = Cristian| last4 = Ham| first4 = Anthony| last5 = Kaminski| first5 = Anna| lastauthoramp = yes| title = Scandinavia| publisher = Lonely Planet| year = 2013}}
34. ^http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_032.px/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4
35. ^http://pxnet2.stat.fi/PXWeb/pxweb/fi/StatFin/StatFin__vrm__vaerak/statfin_vaerak_pxt_029.px/?rxid=726cd24d-d0f1-416a-8eec-7ce9b82fd5a4
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asub.ax/twocol.con?iPage=46|title=Välkommen till ÅSUB! - Ålands statistik- och utredningsbyrå|website=Asub.ax|accessdate=26 October 2017}}
37. ^Key figures on population by region in 1990 to 2017 Statistics Finland
38. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.muuka.com/finnishpumpkin/churches/aland/church_aland.html|title=Churches in Åland|website=Muuka.com|accessdate=26 October 2017}}