| 词条 | Nikolay Krestinsky |
| 释义 |
| name = Nikolay Krestinsky | image = Bundesarchiv Bild 102-08858, Nikolai Nikolajewitsch Krestinski.jpg | caption = | office = Responsible Secretary of the Russian Communist Party | term_start = December 1919 | term_end = March 1921 | predecessor = Elena Stasova (as Chairman of the Secretariat) | successor = Vyacheslav Molotov | office1 = People's Commissar for Finance of the Russian SFSR | term_start1 = 16 August 1918 | term_end1 = 22 November 1922 | predecessor1 = Isidore Gukovsky | successor1 = Grigory Sokolnikov | premier1 = Vladimir Lenin | office2 = Full member of the 8th, 9th Politburo | term_start2 = 8 March 1919 | term_end2 = 16 March 1921 | office3 = Full member of the 8th, 9th Secretariat | term_start3 = 8 March 1919 | term_end3 = 16 March 1921 | birth_date = 13 October 1883 | birth_place = Mogilev, Russian Empire (present day Mahilyow Voblast, Belarus) | death_date = {{dda|1938|3|15|1883|10|13|df=y}} | death_place = Moscow, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics | party = All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) | alma_mater = Saint Petersburg State University }} Nikolay Nikolayevich Krestinsky ({{lang-ru|Никола́й Никола́евич Крести́нский}}; 13 October 1883 – 15 March 1938) was a Russian Bolshevik revolutionary and Soviet politician. Like most Old Bolsheviks, he did not survive the Great Purge. OriginsKrestinsky was born in the town of Mogilev,[1][2] in what is now Mahilyow Voblast of Belarus. According to Russian archivist A. B. Roginsky, Krestinsky was of ethnic Russian origin.[1] Other sources suggest ethnic Ukrainian origins,[2] while according to Felix Chuev, Vyacheslav Molotov maintained that Krestinsky's family had converted from Judaism to Eastern Orthodoxy.[3] RiseKrestinsky joined the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party in 1903 and sided with its Bolshevik faction. After the February Revolution, which overthrew monarchy in Russia, he proved to be a capable organizer and was elected to the Central Committee of the Bolshevik party on 3 August 1917 (Old Style). He was made a member of the first Soviet Orgburo on 16 January 1919 and the first Politburo on 25 March 1919. He was also made a member of the Central Committee Secretariat on 29 November 1919 and served as the party's Responsible Secretary for the next year and a half. Fall from powerIn late 1920 to early 1921, after the Bolshevik victory in the Russian Civil War, Krestinsky supported Leon Trotsky's faction in an increasingly bitter dispute over the direction of the country. After Vladimir Lenin's victory at the tenth party congress in March 1921, Krestinsky lost his Politburo, Orgburo and Secretariat posts and became Soviet ambassador to Germany. The post was an important and sensitive one because of Soviet Russia's crucial and delicate relationship with Germany at the time, but not nearly as important as his previous posts. Krestinsky supported Trotsky and the Left Opposition in 1923–early 1927, but distanced himself from Trotsky later in 1927. He completely broke with the opposition in April 1928.[4] Show trialKrestinsky continued working as a diplomat until 1937, when he was arrested during the Great Purges. He was put on trial (as part of the Trial of the Twenty One) on 12 March 1938. While almost all other defendants admitted their guilt during the Moscow Show Trials, Krestinsky at first denied everything, but reversed himself the following day. On 2 March he said to the presiding judge, Vasili Ulrikh: I do not recognize that I am guilty. I am not a Trotskyite. The following day, he made a total reversal of his position: Yesterday, under the influence of a momentary keen feeling of false shame, evoked by the atmosphere of the dock and the painful impression created by the public reading of the indictment, which was aggravated by my poor health, I could not bring myself to tell the truth, I could not bring myself to say that I was guilty. And instead of saying, "Yes, I am guilty," I almost mechanically answered, Such a reversion was a rare episode in the show trials of the late 1930s. Krestinsky was sentenced to death and executed in March 1938.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} He was partially exonerated during Nikita Khrushchev's partial destalinization. Krestinsky was cleared of all charges during perestroika.[5] References{{Commons category|Nikolai Krestinsky}}1. ^1 Roginsky, A.B. (Ed.). "1938. March". 1998. The Communarka Memorial. Жертвы политического террора в СССР (Victims of Political Terror in the USSR). Memorial International Historical-Enlightenment, Human Rights and Humanitarian Society. 26 Feb. 2009. {{ru icon}} http://www.memo.ru/memory/communarka/Chapter5.htm 2. ^1 Rumyantzev, Vyacheslav. "Крестинский Николай Николаевич " ("Krestinsky Nikolai Nikolaevich"). ХРОНОС – Всемирная История в Интернете (HRONOS World History on the Internet). 26 Feb. 2009. http://www.hronos.km.ru/biograf/krestinski.html {{ru icon}} 3. ^Chuev, Felix (ed), Molotov Remembers: Inside Kremlin Politics, 1993, Dee Ivan Inc 4. ^Gus Fagan Biographical Introduction to Christian Rakovsky, 1980 5. ^Robert Williams Davies, The Soviet History in the Gorbachev Revolution, (Indiana University Press, 1989), p. 146 External links
{{S-start}}{{s-off}}{{s-bef|before=Isidore Gukovsky}}{{s-ttl|title=People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR|years= 16 August 1918 – October 1922}}{{s-aft|after=Grigory Sokolnikov}}{{end}}{{Finance ministers of RSFSR}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Krestinsky, Nikolay}} 14 : 1883 births|1938 deaths|People from Mogilev|People from Mogilev Governorate|Old Bolsheviks|Russian Constituent Assembly members|Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union members|Left Opposition|Ambassadors of the Soviet Union to Germany|Russian people executed by the Soviet Union|Great Purge victims from Belarus|Trial of the Twenty-One|Soviet show trials|Soviet rehabilitations |
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