| 词条 | Nipple discharge |
| 释义 |
| name = Nipple discharge | image = File:Lactation.jpg | caption = Milk coming from the nipple | field = Gynecology | symptoms = | complications = | onset = | duration = | types = Physiologic, pathologic[1] | causes = | risks = | diagnosis = | differential = | prevention = | treatment = | medication = | prognosis = | frequency = | deaths = }} Nipple discharge is the release of fluid from the nipples of the breasts. Abnormal nipple discharge may be described as any discharge not associated with lactation.[2] The nature of the discharge may range in color, consistency and composition, and occur in one or both breasts. Although it is considered normal in a wide variety of circumstances it is the third major reason involving the breasts for which women seek medical attention, after breast lumps and breast pain. It is also known to occur in adolescent boys and girls going through puberty. Nipple discharge may be milk as a result of pregnancy or hormone problems such as high prolactin.[1] Or it may be due to an underlying breast disease.[1] About 3% of cases are due to cancer.[1] Signs and symptomsNipple discharge refers to any fluid that seeps out of the nipple of the breast. Discharge from the nipple does not occur in lactating women. And discharge in non-pregnant women or women who are not breasfeeding may not cause concern. Men that have discharge from their nipples are not typical. Discharge from the nipples of men or boys may indicate a problem. Discharge from the nipples can appear without squeezing or may only be noticeable if the nipples are squeezed. One nipple can have discharge while the other does not. The discharge can be clear, green, bloody, brown or straw-colored. The consistency can be thick, thin, sticky or watery.[3] TreatmentInitially, an evaluation of malignancy is always indicated. If no abnormality is found, then a surgical duct excision may resolve the symptoms. Treatment also depends on whether single-duct or multiple-duct discharge is present, and whether the symptoms of nipple discharge are distressing to the patient. In some cases, there may be no need for any further intervention; in others, microdochectomy or a total duct excision may be appropriate. If the patient wishes to conserve the ability to breastfeed and only single-duct discharge is present, then ductoscopy or galactography should be considered in view of performing a localised duct excision.[4] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |last1=Salzman |first1=B |last2=Fleegle |first2=S |last3=Tully |first3=AS |title=Common breast problems. |journal=American Family Physician |date=15 August 2012 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=343–9 |pmid=22963023}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=https://medlineplus.gov/ency/imagepages/17093.htm|title=Abnormal discharge from the nipple: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image|website=medlineplus.gov|accessdate=12 August 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mayoclinic.org/symptoms/nipple-discharge/basics/definition/sym-20050946|title=Nipple discharge|publisher=|accessdate=12 August 2017}} 4. ^{{cite book|author=J Michael Dixon|title=Breast Surgery: Companion to Specialist Surgical Practice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_luP4nceyDkC&pg=PA274|date=22 June 2013|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-4967-5|pages=274}} Bibliography
External links{{Medical resources| ICD10 = {{ICD10|N|64|5|n|60}} | ICD9 = {{ICD9|611.79}} | DiseasesDB = 23444 }}{{Diseases of the breast}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nipple Discharge}} 1 : Breast diseases |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。