“Niqqud”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikkud ({{Hebrew Name|נִקּוּד|nikkud|niqqûḏ|"dotting, pointing"}} or {{Hebrew Name|נְקֻדּוֹת|nekuddot|nəquddôṯ|"dots"}}) is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Several such diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium AD in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew). Text written with niqqud is called ktiv menuqad.

Niqqud marks are small compared to the letters, so they can be added without retranscribing texts whose writers did not anticipate them.

In modern Israeli orthography niqqud is seldom used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. For purposes of disambiguation, a system of spelling without niqqud, known in Hebrew as ktiv maleh ({{hebrew|כתיב מלא}}, literally "full spelling") has developed. This was formally standardised in the Rules for Spelling without Niqqud ({{hebrew|כללי הכתיב חסר הניקוד}}) enacted by the

One reason for the lesser use of niqqud is that it no longer reflects the current pronunciation. In modern Hebrew, tzere is pronounced the same as segol, although they were distinct in Tiberian Hebrew, and also pataḥ makes the same sound as a qamatz. To the younger generation of native Hebrew speakers, these distinctions seem arbitrary and meaningless; on the other hand, Hebrew language purists have rejected out of hand the idea of changing the basics of niqqud and fitting them to the current pronunciation – with the result that in practice niqqud is increasingly going out of use.^[4]

Demonstration

This table uses the consonant letters {{hbrbet}}, {{hbrhet}} or {{hbrshin}}, where appropriate, to demonstrate where the niqqud is placed in relation to the consonant it is pronounced after. Any other letters shown are actually part of the vowel. Note that there is some variation among different traditions in exactly how some vowel points are pronounced. The table below shows how most Israelis would pronounce them, but the classic Ashkenazi pronunciation, for example, differs in several respects.

Keyboard

Both consonants and niqqud can be typed from virtual graphical keyboards available on the World Wide Web, or by methods integrated into particular operating systems.

Microsoft Windows

Linux

In GTK+ Linux systems, niqqud can be entered by holding down AltGR and pressing the same keys as for Windows below. Or by pressing ctrl+shift+u followed by the appropriate 4 digit Unicode.

Macintosh

Using the Hebrew keyboard layout in Mac OS X, the typist can enter niqqud by pressing the Option key together with a number on the top row of the keyboard. Other combinations such as sofit and hataf can also be entered by pressing either the Shift key and a number, or by pressing the Shift key, Option key, and a number at the same time.^[8]^[9]

SIL International have developed another standard, which is based on Tiro, but adds the Niqqud along the home keys.^[10] Linux comes with "Israel — Biblical Hebrew (Tiro)" as a standard layout. With this layout, niqqud can be typed without pressing the Caps Lock key.

See also

Bibliography

References

1. ^Cantillation
2. ^Rules for Spelling without Niqqud {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227051707/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/decision4.html |date=2009-02-27 }}
3. ^Rules for Spelling without Niqqud (Hebrew, with 2017 updates)
4. ^“Supposedly, the teachers who taught my generation knew Hebrew perfectly. They had a thorough knowledge of all the Hebrew classics as well as of modern Hebrew literature. But Hebrew was not their natural language. They had gained their knowledge of Hebrew from books, by tremendous effort. And they subjected us, who grew up with Hebrew as out mother tongue, to a terrible torture. They demanded that we master perfectly all the niceties and nuances of a language purism which meant nothing to us. I remember when I was asked to write words with nikkud on the blackboard and made a hash of it, the teacher said “You are a total ignoramus”. Ze’ev Galili’s Blog, December 31, 2004
5. ^Transliteration standards from November 2006 {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703210016/http://hebrew-academy.huji.ac.il/hahlatot/TheTranscription/Documents/taatiq2007.pdf |date=2014-07-03 }}
6. ^https://www.fileformat.info/tip/microsoft/enter_unicode.htm
7. ^http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/goglobal/bb964665.aspx
8. ^http://manuals.info.apple.com/Apple_Support_Area/Manuals/software/0307978AHEBRLKITUM.PDF
9. ^comprehensive guide
10. ^http://www.sbl-site.org/Fonts/BiblicalHebrewTiroManual.pdf