| 词条 | Niranam poets |
| 释义 |
The Niranam poets, also known as the Kannassan poets, were three poets from the same family, Madhava Panikkar, Sankara Panikkar, and Rama Panikkar who hailed from Niranam, a small village in southern Kerala, India, near the town of Thiruvalla.[1] Their works mainly comprised translation and adaptation of Sanskrit epics and Puranic works and were for devotional purposes.[2]They lived between 1350 and 1450 C.E.[2] It is believed that they all belonged to the same Kannassa family[1] and that Madhava Panikkar and Sankara Panikkar were the uncles of Rama Panikkar, the youngest of the three.[2] As Panikkars, they were probably akin to members of the Nayar caste, which makes their claim to mastery of Sanskrit a significant feature because they would have been classed as Shudra in the Brahmanical system of ritual ranking known as varna. Shudras were not supposed to be familiar with that priestly language.[3] Their works have been mostly assigned to the Pattu taxon.[3] It revived the Bhakti school of literature and reasserted the seriousness of the poetic vocation in the place of the excessive sensuality and eroticism of the Manipravalam poets.[2] Divergence from the Manipravalam school, through non-usage of Dravidian metre and Sanskrit grammatical forms, are noted.[3] Madhava Panikkar's Bhasha Bhagavadgita, a condensed Malayalam translation of Bhagavad Gita was its first translation into any modern Indian language.[4] Sankara Panikkar's main work is Bharatamala, a masterly condensation of Mahabharata.[5] Perhaps the most important was Rama Panikkar, who is the author of Ramayanam, Bharatam, Bhagavatam, and Sivarathri Mahatmyam. Kannassa Ramayanam and Kannassa Bharatam are the most important of these Niranam works. The former is an important link between Cheeraman's Ramacharitam, Ayyappilli Asan's Ramakathapattu and Ezhuthachan's Adhyathmaramayanam. Ulloor has said that Rama Panikkar holds the same position in Malayalam literature that Edmund Spenser has in English literature.[2] References1. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BXluAAAAMAAJ|title=Social and cultural history of Kerala|last=Menon|first=A. Sreedhara|date=1979|publisher=Sterling|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=335|language=en}} {{Malayalam Literature |state=collapsed}}{{poetry-stub}}2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite web|url=http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/theniranampoets.htm|title=The Niranam Poets|last=|first=|date=|website=Public Relations Department Kerala State Government|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014202734/http://www.prd.kerala.gov.in/theniranampoets.htm|archive-date=2014-10-14|dead-url=yes|access-date=|df=}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |title=Literary Cultures in History: Reconstructions from South Asia |editor-first=Sheldon I. |editor-last=Pollock |first=Rich |last=Freeman |chapter=Literary Culture of Pre-Modern Kerala |publisher=University of California Press |year=2003 |pages=465–468 |isbn=9780520228214 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA465}} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ObFCT5_taSgC&pg=PA464|title=Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature: A-Devo|last=Datta|first=Amaresh|year=1987|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=9788126018031|language=en|page=464}} 5. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=qH3XAAAAMAAJ|title=Modern evaluation of the Mahābhārata: Prof. R.K. Sharma felicitation volume|last=Śarmā|first=Rāma Karaṇa|last2=Narang|first2=Satya Pal|publisher=Nag Publishers|year=1995|isbn=|location=|pages=267|language=en}} 1 : Bhakti movement |
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