| 词条 | Nirvana fallacy |
| 释义 |
The nirvana fallacy is the informal fallacy of comparing actual things with unrealistic, idealized alternatives.[1] It can also refer to the tendency to assume that there is a perfect solution to a particular problem. A closely related concept is the perfect solution fallacy. By creating a false dichotomy that presents one option which is obviously advantageous—while at the same time being completely implausible—a person using the nirvana fallacy can attack any opposing idea because it is imperfect. Under this fallacy, the choice is not between real world solutions; it is, rather, a choice between one realistic achievable possibility and another unrealistic solution that could in some way be "better". HistoryIn La Bégueule (1772), Voltaire wrote Le mieux est l'ennemi du bien, which is often translated as "The perfect is the enemy of the good" (literally: "The better is the enemy of the good").{{cn|reason=Please cite a source for these translations.|date=March 2015}} The nirvana fallacy was given its name by economist Harold Demsetz in 1969,[1][2] who said:[3] Perfect solution fallacyThe perfect solution fallacy is a related informal fallacy that occurs when an argument assumes that a perfect solution exists or that a solution should be rejected because some part of the problem would still exist after it were implemented.[4] This is an example of black and white thinking, in which a person fails to see the complex interplay between multiple component elements of a situation or problem, and, as a result, reduces complex problems to a pair of binary extremes. It is common for arguments which commit this fallacy to omit any specifics about exactly how, or how badly, a proposed solution is claimed to fall short of acceptability, expressing the rejection only in vague terms. Alternatively, it may be combined with the fallacy of misleading vividness, when a specific example of a solution's failure is described in emotionally powerful detail but base rates are ignored (see availability heuristic). The fallacy is a type of false dilemma. Examples
These anti-drunk driving ad campaigns are not going to work. People are still going to drink and drive no matter what. ;Rebuttal Complete eradication of drunk driving is not the expected outcome. The goal is reduction.
Seat belts are a bad idea. People are still going to die in car crashes. ;Rebuttal While seat belts cannot make driving 100% safe, they do reduce one's likelihood of dying in a car crash.
The Umpire Decision Review System (in cricket) is a bad idea. It can't fix all missed calls. ;Rebuttal While not all umpiring errors are corrected under the UDRS, it does reduce the number of errors made.
Medical testing on animals is useless. The drug thalidomide passed animal tests, but resulted in horrific birth defects when used by pregnant women. ;Rebuttal This popular argument ignores all the thousands of drugs that failed animal testing, any number of which could have harmed humans. In the case of thalidomide, no testing was performed on pregnant animals; had this not been the case, the impact on pregnant women could have been foreseen. The fault here lay with lax mid-20th-century regulations, and not with medical testing itself. See also{{div col}}
References1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cato-unbound.org/2007/08/06/peter-t-leeson/anarchy-unbound-or-why-self-governance-works-better-than-you-think/|title=Anarchy unbound, or: why self-governance works better than you think|last=Leeson|first=Peter T.|date=2007-08-06|work=Cato Unbound|publisher=Cato Institute|accessdate=2009-07-01}} 2. ^{{cite book|last=Shapiro|first=Daniel|title=Is the welfare state justified?|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=New York|year=2007|pages=4|isbn=0-521-86065-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ei-1kg2TSwEC&pg=RA1-PA4&lpg=RA1-PA4&dq=nirvana+fallacy#PRA1-PA4,M1}} 3. ^1 H. Demsetz, "Information and Efficiency: Another Viewpoint", Journal of Law and Economics 12 (April 1969): 1, quoted in {{cite book |title=Competition and Entrepreneurship |last=Kirzner |first=Israel M. |isbn=0-226-43776-0 |year=1978|page=231}} 4. ^http://my.ilstu.edu/~jecox/FOI%20Materials/Logical%20Fallacies%20Definitions%20and%20Examples.htm Further reading
1 : Informal fallacies |
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