| 词条 | Nizhny Novgorod Oblast | ||||
| 释义 |
|en_name=Nizhny Novgorod Oblast |ru_name=Нижегородская область |image_map=Map of Russia - Nizhny Novgorod Oblast.svg |coordinates = {{coord|56|29|N|44|32|E|type:adm1st_region:RU|display=inline,title}} |image_coa=Coat of arms of Nizhny Novgorod Region.svg |coa_caption=Coat of arms |image_flag=Flag of Nizhny Novgorod Region.svg |flag_caption=Flag |anthem= |anthem_ref=[1] |holiday |holiday_ref |political_status=Oblast |political_status_link=Oblasts of Russia |federal_district=Volga |economic_region=Volga-Vyatka |adm_ctr_type=Administrative center |adm_ctr_name=Nizhny Novgorod |adm_ctr_ref=[2] |pop_2010census=3310597 |pop_2010census_rank=10th |urban_pop_2010census=78.9% |rural_pop_2010census=21.1% |pop_2010census_ref=[3] |pop_density |pop_density_as_of |pop_density_ref |pop_latest=3281008 |pop_latest_date=January 2014 |pop_latest_ref=[3] |area_km2=76900 |area_km2_rank=40th |established_date=January 14, 1929 (first),[4] December 5, 1936 (second) |established_date_ref=[4] |license_plates=52, 152 |ISO=RU-NIZ |gov_as_of=June 2013 |leader_title=Governor |leader_title_ref=[5] |leader_name=Gleb Nikitin |leader_name_ref=[6][7] |legislature=Legislative Assembly |legislature_ref=[5] |website=http://www.government-nnov.ru/ |website_ref |date=September 2017 }} Nizhny Novgorod Oblast ({{lang-ru|Нижегоро́дская о́бласть}}, Nizhegorodskaya oblast), also known as Nizhegorod Oblast, is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). Its administrative center is the city of Nizhny Novgorod. It has a population of 3,310,597 as of the 2010 Census.[8] From 1932 to 1990 it was known as Gorky Oblast. The oblast is crossed by the Volga River. Apart from Nizhny Novgorod's metropolitan area (including Dzerzhinsk, Bor and Kstovo) the biggest city is Arzamas. Near the town of Sarov there is the Serafimo-Diveyevsky Monastery, one of the largest convents in Russia, established by Saint Seraphim of Sarov. The Makaryev Monastery opposite of the town of Lyskovo used to be the location of the largest fair in Eastern Europe.{{cn|date=July 2017}} Other historic towns include Gorodets and Balakhna, located on the Volga to the north from Nizhny Novgorod. GeographyThe oblast covers an area of {{convert|76900|km2|sp=us}}, which is approximately equal to the entire area of the Benelux countries or Czech Republic. Agricultural land occupies 41% of this area; forests, 48%, lakes and rivers, 2%; and other lands, 9%. Nizhny Novgorod Oblast borders Kostroma Oblast (N), Kirov Oblast (NE), the Mari El Republic (E), the Chuvash Republic (E), the Republic of Mordovia (S), Ryazan Oblast (SW), Vladimir Oblast (W), and Ivanovo Oblast (NW). Natural resourcesNizhny Novgorod Oblast is not rich in natural resources, which are limited to commercial deposits of sand (including titanium-zirconium sands), clay, gypsum, peat, mineral salt, and timber. PoliticsDuring the Soviet period, the high authority in the oblast was shared between three persons: the first secretary of the Nizhny Novgorod (then Gorki) CPSU Committee (who in reality had the greatest authority); the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power); and the chairman of the oblast Executive Committee (executive power). After 1991, the CPSU lost all its power. The head of the Oblast administration, and eventually the governor, was appointed/elected alongside the elected regional parliament. The Charter of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast is the fundamental law of the region. The Legislative Assembly of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast is the province's standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Oblast Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the oblast Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia. SightsThe unique architectural construction—the {{convert|128|m|sp=us|adj=on}} steel lattice hyperboloid tower built by the Russian engineer and scientist Vladimir Grigorievich Shukhov in 1929—is located near the town of Dzerzhinsk on the left bank of the Oka River. Administrative divisions{{Main|Administrative divisions of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast}}DemographicsPopulation: {{ru-census|p2010=3,310,597|p2002=3,524,028|p1989=3,714,322}} According to the 2010 Census,[8] ethnic Russians at 3,109,661 made up 95.1% of the oblast's population. Other ethnic groups included Tatars (44,103, or 1.4%), Mordva (19,138, or 0.6%), Ukrainians (17,657, or 0.5%), and various smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total. Additionally, 42,349 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[9]
Deaths decreased by 8.5% in 2011 compared to 2010.[10]
2009 – 1.43 | 2010 – 1.42 | 2011 – 1.44 | 2012 – 1.55 | 2013 – 1.56 | 2014 – 1.59 | 2015 – 1.67 | 2016 – 1.65(e) According to the Federal Migration Service, 20,450 foreign citizens were registered in the oblast in 2006. The actual number of foreigners residing in the oblast as of June 1, 2006 was estimated to be over 22,000.[13] Religion{{Bar box|title=Religion in Nizhny Novgorod Oblast as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[14][15] |float=right |bars={{Bar percent|Russian Orthodoxy|DarkOrchid|69.2}}{{Bar percent|Other Orthodox|MediumOrchid|1.6}}{{Bar percent|Other Christians|DeepSkyBlue|2.1}}{{Bar percent|Rodnovery and other native faiths|Red|0.7}}{{Bar percent|Spiritual but not religious|DarkSlateGray|15.2}}{{Bar percent|Atheism and irreligion|Black|10}}{{Bar percent|Other and undeclared|Gray|1.2}} }} According to a 2012 survey[16] 69.2% of the population of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 2% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of other Orthodox churches, and 1% are adherents of the Slavic native faith (Rodnovery). In addition, 15% of the population declares to be "spiritual but not religious", 10% is atheist, and 0.8% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.[16] {{Clear}}EconomyThe oblast ranks seventh in Russia in industrial output. Processing industries predominate in the local economy. More than 650 industrial companies employ nearly 700,000 people, or 62% of the workforce involved in material production. Industry generates 83% of the regional GDP and accounts for 89% of all material expenditures. The leading sectors are engineering and metalworking, followed by chemical and petrochemical industries and forestry, woodworking, and paper industries. The first three sectors account for about 75% of all industrial production. The oblast has traditionally been attractive to investors. In 2002, Moody's rating agency confirmed a Caa1rating based on the region's long-term foreign currency liabilities.[17] The region maintains trade relations with many countries and has an export surplus. The largest volume of exports goes to Ukraine, Belarus, Switzerland, Kazakhstan, Belgium, and France. Imports come mainly from Ukraine, Germany, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Austria, Netherlands, China, and the United States. The stock market infrastructure is quite well developed in Nizhny Novgorod, and the exchange business is expanding. Companies and organizations registered in the region include 1153 joint-stock companies, 63 investment institutions, 34 commercial banks, 35 insurance companies, 1 voucher investment fund, 1 investment fund, 17 nongovernmental pension funds, 2 associations of professional stock market dealers, and 3 exchanges (stock, currency, and agricultural). The oblast is noted for having relatively highly developed market relations. Today, the region needs serious partners interested in equitable, long-term, mutually beneficial partnerships. There are 650+ industrial companies in the region,[18] most of them engaged in the following sectors:
These key industries are supplemented by other sectors of the economy such as agriculture, trade, services, communications and transport. Transportation{{See Also|Nizhny Novgorod#Transportation}}
References{{Commons category|Nizhny Novgorod Oblast}}Notes1. ^Article 1.3 of the Charter of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast states that the oblast may have its own anthem; however, as of 2014 no anthem has been adopted. 2. ^Charter of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Article 5.5 3. ^Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Territorial Branch of the Federal State Statistics Service. Оценка численности постоянного населения на 1 января 2014 года и в среднем за 2013 год {{ru icon}} 4. ^1 "Нижегородская область. Административно-территориальное деление на 1 января 1992 г.". ГИПП "Нижполиграф", Нижний Новгород, 1993, стр. 5 5. ^1 Charter of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, Article 21 6. ^Official website of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast. Valery Pavlinovich Shantsev, Governor of Nizhny Novgorod Oblast 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.rbc.ru/politics/26/09/2017/59ca04979a7947274c45ad36|title=Путин отправил в отставку губернатора Нижегородской области|author=|date=|website=РБК|accessdate=March 19, 2018}} 8. ^1 2 {{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/news/detail.php?ID=6936 |title=Перепись-2010: русских становится больше |publisher=Perepis-2010.ru |date=2011-12-19 |accessdate=2012-08-13}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/population/demography/ |title=Росстат. Демография |publisher=Gks.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120326222501/http://gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat/rosstatsite/main/population/demography/ |archivedate=March 26, 2012 }} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/2012/demo/edn12-12.htm|title=Естественное движение населения в разрезе субъектов Российской Федерации|author=|date=|website=www.gks.ru|accessdate=March 19, 2018}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gks.ru/wps/wcm/connect/rosstat_main/rosstat/ru/statistics/publications/catalog/doc_1137674209312|title=Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики|author=|date=|website=www.gks.ru|accessdate=March 19, 2018}} 13. ^Дарья ВЛАДИМИРОВА, "Стройки под особым контролем", Rakurs, 30 June 2006 14. ^"Arena: Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia". Sreda, 2012. 15. ^2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. "Ogonek", № 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170421154615/http://c2.kommersant.ru/ISSUES.PHOTO/OGONIOK/2012/034/ogcyhjk2.jpg Archived]. 16. ^1 Arena – Atlas of Religions and Nationalities in Russia. Sreda.org 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://russiatrek.org/r_nnovgorod.shtml|title=Nizhegorodskaya oblast, Russia guide|author=|date=|website=russiatrek.org|accessdate=March 19, 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.government.nnov.ru/?id=1463 |title=Nizhny Novgorod News Network – NN.NN.RU |publisher=Government.nnov.ru |date= |accessdate=2012-08-13}} Sources
External links{{Wikivoyage|Nizhny Novgorod Oblast}}
3 : Nizhny Novgorod Oblast|States and territories established in 1929|1936 establishments in the Soviet Union |
||||
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。