| 词条 | NKVD Order No. 00485 |
| 释义 |
| title = The Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)[1] | image = NKVD Order No. 00485 - Kharkov copy (2).jpg | caption = First page of one of the copies of the order, archived by the Kharkov branch of the NKVD | location = Soviet Union, modern-day Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and others | target = Poles | date = 1937–1938 | type = Prison shootings | fatalities = At least 111,091 Poles executed | perps = Soviet NKVD | weapons = }} The Soviet NKVD Order № 00485 issued on August 11, 1937 laid the foundation for the systematic elimination of the Polish minority in the Soviet Union between 1937 and 1938. The order was called "On the liquidation of Polish sabotage and espionage groups and units of the POW" (POW stands for Polish Military Organization, Polska Organizacja Wojskowa) ({{lang-ru|О ликвидации польских диверсионно-шпионских групп и организаций ПОВ}}). It is dated August 9, 1937, was issued by the Central Committee Politburo (VKP b), and signed by Nikolai Yezhov, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs. The operation was at the center of the national operations of the NKVD, and the largest ethnically-motivated shooting action of the Great Terror.[1][2][3] Arrests and executions{{main|Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)}}According to the Order, the entire operation was to be completed in three months. Subject to arrest and immediate elimination were persons of the following categories: "prisoners of war from the Polish army who after the 1920 war had remained in the Soviet Union, deserters and political émigrés from Poland (such as Polish communists admitted through prisoners' exchange), former members of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and other anti-Soviet political parties; and the inhabitants of Polish districts in border regions."[5] The order was supplemented by a secret letter from Yezhov, specifying the various accusations to be used against the Polish minority, which were fabricated by the Moscow NKVD executive. The order aimed at the arrest of "absolutely all Poles" and confirmed that "the Poles should be completely destroyed".[5] Member of the NKVD Administration for the Moscow District, A. O. Postel (Арон Осипович Постель) explained that although there was no word-for-word quote of "all Poles" in the actual Order, that was exactly how the letter was to be interpreted by the NKVD executioners.[5] Particularly affected were Poles employed in the so-called "strategic" sectors of the economy such as transportation and telecommunications (i.e. railway engineers and postal workers), the defense industry, the armed forces, and the security services, as well as members of Polish cultural organizations.[4] The Order created an extrajudicial sentencing body composed of two NKVD soldiers, the so-called "Dvoika" (twosome) completing the paperwork.[4] The Order also established the so-called "album procedure" of convictions: the lists of convicted already during the initial investigations by lower NKVD organs were compiled into "albums" by the mid-rank NKVD organs and sent to the USSR NKVD for approval. After the approval the convictions (shooting or imprisonment) were immediately put into effect. A similar procedure was applied to all other national operations of 1937-1938: German, Latvian, Finnish, Estonian, Romanian, Greek, and others. The procedure was amended in September 1938. To expedite the process, regional NKVD units were instructed to set up so-called "Special Troikas" (not to be confused with the regional Troikas established under the NKVD Order № 00447) authorized to try the "national operations" cases locally. According to official Soviet state documents, the anti-Polish operation of the NKVD affected 139,815 people, 111,071 of whom were condemned to death without trial and executed immediately afterwards.[5] See also{{commonscat|NKVD Order No. 00485}}
Notes and references1. ^1 {{cite journal | url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/594183.html | title=Nieopłakane ludobójstwo (A Genocide Not Mourned) | publisher=Rzeczpospolita | date=2011-01-15 | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Prof. Marek Jan Chodakiewicz}} {{wikisourcelang|ru|Оперативный приказ НКВД ССР № 00485}}2. ^{{cite web | url=http://m.se.pl/wydarzenia/opinie/zbrodnia-wieksza-niz-katyn_157172.html | title=Tomasz Sommer: Ludobójstwo Polaków z lat 1937-38 to zbrodnia większa niż Katyń (Genocide of Poles in the years 1937-38, a Crime Greater than Katyn) | publisher=Super Express | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | author=Franciszek Tyszka}} 3. ^{{cite web | url=http://historyton.pl/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=11729 | title=Rozstrzelać Polaków. Ludobójstwo Polaków w Związku Sowieckim (To Execute the Poles. Genocide of Poles in the Soviet Union) | publisher=Historyton | accessdate=April 28, 2011 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003143755/http://historyton.pl/catalog/product_info.php?products_id=11729 | archivedate=October 3, 2011 | df= }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 [https://web.archive.org/web/20150407072804/http://media.hoover.org/documents/0817929029_79.pdf The Great Terror (Chapter 4)] – from: "Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940"] by Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov, pp. 95 (17 / 33). Internet Archive. 5. ^{{cite book | title=The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective. | publisher=Cambridge University Press | author=Robert Gellately, Ben Kiernan | year=2003 | pages=396 | isbn=0521527503 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k9Ro7b0tWz4C&pg=PA232&dq=%22lead,+in+the+next+fourteen+months,+to+the+arrest+of+143,810+people%22&hl=en&ei=XHC3TdekDoPniALfvPE7&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCkQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22lead%2C%20in%20the%20next%20fourteen%20months%2C%20to%20the%20arrest%20of%20143%2C810%20people%22&f=false | quote= Polish operation (page 233 –) }}
7 : Official documents of the Soviet Union|Political repression in the Soviet Union|Poland–Soviet Union relations|1937 in the Soviet Union|NKVD|1937 in international relations|Stalinism in Poland |
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