| 词条 | Nobatia |
| 释义 |
|native_name = ⲙⲓⲅⲓⲧⲛ︦ ⲅⲟⲩⲗ |conventional_long_name = Nobatia |common_name = Nobatia |era = Late Antiquity/Early Middle Ages |status = |status_text = |empire = |government_type = Monarchy |year_start = c. 400 |year_end = 7th century |event_start = |date_start = |event_end = Integrated into Makuria |date_end = |event1 = |date_event1 = |event_pre = |date_pre = |event_post = |date_post = |p1 = Kingdom of Kush |flag_p1 = |s1 = Makuria |flag_s1 =The flag of the 'Kingdom of Dongola' (Makuria) in the "Book of all kingdoms" (C. 1350).png |image_flag = |flag = |flag_type = |image_coat = |symbol = |symbol_type = |image_map = Christian Nubia.png |image_map_caption = Nobatia and the other Christian Nubian kingdoms. |capital = Pachoras |national_motto = |national_anthem = |common_languages = Nubian Greek Coptic |religion = *Isis cult
|currency = |leader1 = |leader2 = |year_leader1 = |year_leader2 = |title_leader = |today = {{flag|Sudan}} {{flag|Egypt}} }}{{SpecialChars}} Nobatia {{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|ˈ|b|eɪ|ʃ|ə}} or Nobadia ({{IPAc-en|n|oʊ|ˈ|b|eɪ|d|i|ə}}; Greek: Νοβαδἰα, Nobadia; Old Nubian: ⲙⲓⲅⲓⲧⲛ︦ ⲅⲟⲩⲗ, Migitin Goul) was a late antique kingdom in Lower Nubia. Together with the two other Nubian kingdoms, Makuria and Alodia, it succeeded the kingdom of Kush. After its establishment in around 400, Nobadia gradually expanded by defeating the Blemmyes in the north and incorporating the territory between the second and third Nile cataract in the south. In 543 it converted to Coptic Christianity, just to get annexed by Makuria under unknown circumstances somewhere during the 7th century. HistoryThe kingdom of Nobatia had been founded in the former Meroitic province of Akine, which comprised large parts of Lower Nubia and is speculated to have been autonomous already before the ultimate fall of the Meroitic kingdom in the mid 4th century.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=195-196}} While the Nobatae {{IPAc-en|ˈ|n|ɒ|b|ə|t|i}} had been invited into the region from the Western Desert by the Roman Emperor Diocletian already in 297 AD, their kingdom becomes tangible only in around 400 AD.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=35}} Early Nobatia is quite likely the same civilization that is known to archeologists as the Ballana culture. Eventually the Nobatae were successful in defeating the Blemmyes, and an inscription by Silko, "Basiliskos" of the Nobatae, claims to have driven the Blemmyes into the Eastern Desert. Around this time the Nobatian capital was established at Pakhoras (modern Faras); soon after, Nobatia converted to non-Chalcedonian Christianity. Nobatia seems to have maintained some autonomy in the new state. It was ruled by an eparch of Nobatia who was also titled the Domestikos of Pakhoras. These were originally appointed but seem to be dynastic in the later period. Some of their records have been found at Fort Ibrim, presenting a figure with a great deal of power. Nobatia՚s name is often given as al-Maris in Arabic histories. The eparchate of Nobadia remained an integral part of the kingdom of Makuria until the very end, as is confirmed by a document from 1463 mentioning an eparch named Teedderre.{{sfn|Lajtar|2011|p=123}}{{sfn|Werner|2013|p=145-146}} ReligionPaganismSince Ptolemaic times, the "state religion" of Lower Nubia had been the Isis cult of Philae. Its importance outlived the Ptolemaic and Meroitic period and Nubian pilgrims continued to travel to Philae.{{sfn|Adams|2013|p=154-155}} The temple on Philae was eventually shut down in 535-538 and Nubians were forbidden to enter it.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=170}} Another Isis cult, the Greco-Roman mysteries of Isis, has been confirmed to be practiced in Nobadia by an unearthed shrine in Qasr Ibrim. This cult was practiced since Meroitic times as well.{{sfn|Adams|2013|p=155-156}} {{Wide image|The Meroitic ("Ethiopian") chamber of the temple of Philae.jpg|1800px|Reliefs of the "Ethiopian" chamber inside the Isis temple of Philae, depicting pilgrims and priests from the south.}}ChristianityAs confirmed by epigraphical and archaeological evidence, Christianity was already present among parts of the Nobadian society even before the official conversion of 543.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=171, 173-174}} The Nobadian elite might have started considering to convert to Christianity during in 530's, paralleling to when the Isis temple was shut down.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=171}} Christianity proceeded to spread through Nobadia on various levels at different speed.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=173}} Towns for example were quick in adopting the new religion, while the Christianization procedure of the villages wasn't accomplished until the 7th-9th century.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=174-175}} South of the second cataract, Christianity seems to have begun spreading later than in the north, possibly since the late 6th or early 7th century.{{sfn|Obluski|2014|p=177-178}} Military cultureNothing is known about the organization of the Nobatian army.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=82}} Many of the weapons employed by the Nobatians had antecedents from the Meroitic period.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=76}} Missile weaponsArchaeology from the pagan period confirms the relevance archery had for the Nubians and therefore also the Nobatians.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=78}} The slightly reflexed longsbows, which are attested for Kushite mercenaries since the Middle Kingdom, were replaced by reflex composite bows during the Meroitic or post-Meroitic period, measuring around one meter and originally designed to be shot from horseback.{{sfn|Zielinski|2015|p=794}} One simple wooden self bow is known from an early Nobadian burial in Qustul.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=84}} The Nobadians shot barbed and possibly poisoned arrows of around 50 cm length.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=77}} To store the arrows, they used quivers made of tanned leather originally from long-necked animals like goats or gazelles. Additionally, they were enhanced with straps, flaps and elaborate decoration.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=78}} The quivers were possibly worn not in the back, but in the front.{{sfn|Zielinski|2015|p=801}} On the hand holding the bow, the archers wore bracelets to protect the hand from injuries while drawing the bowstring. For the nobility, the bracelets could be made of silver, while poorer versions were made of rawhide.{{sfn|Zielinski|2015|p=795}} Furthermore, the archers wore thumb rings, measuring between three and four cm.{{sfn|Zielinski|2015|p=798}} Thus, Nubian archers would have employed a drawing technique very similar to the Persian and Chinese one, both of which also reliant on thumb rings.{{sfn|Zielinski|2015|p=798-899}} At Qasr Ibrim, two crossbow darts have been discovered. The use of crossbows had hitherto been unattested in Nubia.{{sfn|Adams|2013|p=138}} Melee weaponsA weapon characteristic for the Nobadians was a type of short sword.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=87}} It has a straight hollow-ground blade which was sharpened only on one edge and was therefore not designed to thrust, but to hack.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=80}} Apart of said swords, there were also lances, some of them with large blades, as well as halberds. The large-bladed lances and the halberds were possibly only ceremonial.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=79}} Body protectionNobadian warriors and their leadership made use of shields and body armour, most of it manufactured from leather.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=87}}{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=80}} Fragments of thick hide have been found in the royal tombs of Qustul, suggesting that the principal interment was usually buried while wearing armour.{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=80-81}} A well-preserved and richly decorated breastplate made of oxhide comes from Qasr Ibrim,{{sfn|Welsby|2002|p=80}} while a comparable, but more fragmentary piece was discovered at Gebel Adda, albeit this one was made of reptile hide, possibly from a crocodile.{{sfn|Hubert|Edwards|2010|p=87}} An other fragment which possibly once constituted a body armour comes from Qustul. It consists of several layers of tanned leather and was studded with lead rosettes.{{sfn|Williams|1991|p=87}} NotesReferencesFurther reading
10 : History of Nubia|History of Sudan|Kingdom of Makuria|Countries in ancient Africa|Former countries in Africa|States and territories established in the 4th century|7th-century disestablishments in Africa|States and territories disestablished in the 7th century|Christianity in the Middle Ages|Coptic Orthodox Church |
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