“Noctiluca scintillans”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Noctiluca scintillans, commonly known as the sea sparkle,^[1] and also published as Noctiluca miliaris, is a free-living, marine-dwelling species of dinoflagellate that exhibits bioluminescence when disturbed (popularly known as mareel). Its bioluminescence is produced throughout the cytoplasm of this single-celled protist, by a luciferin-luciferase reaction in thousands of spherically shaped organelles, called scintillons.

Physical characteristics

N. scintillans has a ventral groove that holds a flagellum, an extension of the cell wall called a tooth, and a striated tentacle involved in ingestion that projects posteriorly. The flagellum does not move the organism, so the nonmotile N. scintillans depends on regulation of its buoyancy within the water column – perhaps by controlling its cellular concentration of ions and ammonia.

N. scintillans produces a string of mucus extending from the tip of the tentacle which then adheres to plankton and ascends rapidly through concentrations of its prey in the water column. The single-cellular types of dinoflagellates lack armor.{{citation needed|date=March 2016}}

Diet

N. scintillans is a heterotroph (nonphotosynthetic) that engulfs, by phagocytosis, food which includes plankton, diatoms, other dinoflagellates, fish eggs, and bacteria. Diatoms are often found in the vacuoles (internal membrane-bound storage compartments) within these single-celled creatures. These green nonfeeding symbioses can grow photoautotrophically for generations.^[2] Diatoms of Thalassiosira have been noted as a favored food source of these organisms.

Distribution

N. scintillans can be found widely distributed throughout the world, often along the coast, in estuaries, and shallow areas of the continental shelf that receive plenty of light, which promotes the growth of the phytoplankton that make up a large portion of the N. scintillans diet.

Life cycle

"Blooms"

N. scintillans populations can exhibit high concentrations due to high concentrations of the plankton on which they feed, which are likely due to environmental conditions such as well-mixed, nutrient-rich waters, seasonal circulation, and runoff from agricultural pollution.

The glow produced by N. scintillans organisms can be perceived by humans as ghostly colored glow or bloom in the water, which appears when the water is disturbed. This gives N. scintillans the popular names "sea ghost" or "fire of sea".^[4]

Bloom color partly derives from the pigments of organisms inside the vacuoles of N. scintillans. Blooms are often red in coastal areas of the North Sea.^[5] Green tides result from N. scintillans populations having green-pigmented prasinophytes (green algae, subphylum Chlorophyta)^[6] living in their vacuoles.

N. scintillans does not appear to be toxic, but it feeds voraciously on phytoplankton, and while doing so, it accumulates and excretes high levels of ammonia into the surrounding water.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}} This may add to the neurotoxins produced by other dinoflagellates, such as Alexadrium or Gonyaulax (syn. Lingulodinium) spp., that kill off other aquatic life in the area.{{Citation needed|date=December 2018}}

Evolutionary development

DNA sequence comparisons suggest that the closest relative of the genus Noctiluca is Spatulodinium. Spatulodinium pseudonoctiluca seems to be more closely related to N. scintillans than to other Spatulodinium species.^[7]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/sea-sparkle |title=Image of the "Sea Sparkle" from 'Britannica Online Encyclopedia' |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2013-09-13}}
2. ^{{cite journal |last=Saito |first=Haruna |first2=Ken |last2=Furuya |first3=Thaithaworn |last3=Lirdwitayarpasit |title=Photoautotrophic growth of Noctiluca scintillans with the endosymbiont Pedinomonas noctilucae |journal=Plankton and Benthos Research |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=97–101 |year=2006 |doi=10.3800/pbr.1.97 }}
3. ^{{cite journal |first=R.G. |last=Zingmark |title=Sexual reproduction in the dinoflagellate Noctiluca miliaris Suriray |journal=Journal of Phycology |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=122–6 |year=1970 |doi=10.1111/j.1529-8817.1970.tb02369.x }}
4. ^{{cite news |title=Lights in Irish Sea are natural |newspaper= Irish Times |date=18 October 2009 |url=http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/breaking/2009/1018/breaking5.htm |accessdate=}}
5. ^{{cite book |chapter=3. Dinoflagellates § Identification of Species |first=Grethe R. |last=Hasle |first2=Erik E. |last2=Syvertsen |first3=Karen A. |last3=Steidinger |first4=Karl |last4=Tangen |first5=Carmelo R. |last5=Tomas |title=Identifying Marine Diatoms and Dinoflagellates |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=KQxPtwonlqoC&pg=PA465 |date=1996 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-08-053441-1 |pages=465–}}
6. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Pascher A |year=1914 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/138036#page/145/mode/1up |title=Über Flagellaten und Algen |journal=Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft |volume=32 |pages=136–160}}
7. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Gómez F, Moreira D, López-García P | year = 2010| title = Molecular phylogeny of noctilucoid dinoflagellates (Noctilucales, Dinophyceae)| url = http://www.obs-vlfr.fr/LOV/aquaparadox/html/PFD/2010/GomezProtist10.pdf| journal = Protist| volume = 161| issue = 3| pages = 466–478| doi = 10.1016/j.protis.2009.12.005| pmid = 20188628}}
8. ^{{harvnb|Hausmann|Hülsmann|Radek|2003}}