| 词条 | Noel Ignatiev |
| 释义 |
|name = Noel Ignatiev |image = Noel Ignatiev.jpg |image_size = |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = {{birth date |1940|12|27}} |birth_place = Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States[1] |residence = United States |nationality = American |other_names = |known_for = Critical race theory |education = |alma_mater = |employer = Massachusetts College of Art |occupation = Author, historian |home_town = |title = |salary = |networth = |height = |weight = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |boards = |religion = |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |relatives = |signature = |website = |footnotes = }}Noel Ignatiev ({{IPAc-en|ɪ|ɡ|ˈ|n|æ|t|i|ɛ|v}}; born December 27, 1940) is an American author and historian. He is best known for his work on race and social class and for his call to abolish "whiteness". Ignatiev was the co-founder of the New Abolitionist Society and co-editor of the journal Race Traitor, which promoted the idea that "treason to whiteness is loyalty to humanity".[2] He also wrote a book on antebellum northern xenophobia against Irish immigrants, How the Irish Became White. His publisher billed him as "one of America's leading and most controversial historians".[2] Early life and careerIgnatiev, the son of Jewish immigrants from Russia, was raised in Philadelphia.[3] He attended the University of Pennsylvania, but dropped out after three years. Under the name Noel Ignatin, he joined the Communist Party USA in January 1958, but in August left (along with Theodore W. Allen and Harry Haywood) to help form the Provisional Organizing Committee to Reconstitute the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party (POC). He was expelled from the POC in 1966.[4] He later became involved in the Students for a Democratic Society. When that organization fractured in the late 1960s, Ignatiev became part of the Third-Worldist and Maoist New Communist movement, forming the group Sojourner Truth Organization (STO) in 1970. Unlike other groups in the New Communist movement, the STO and Ignatiev were also heavily influenced by the ideas of Trinidadian writer C. L. R. James. For twenty years, Ignatiev worked in a Chicago steel mill in the manufacturing of farming equipment and electrical components. A Marxist activist, he was involved in strikes by the mostly African-American laborers of the steel mill. In 1984, he was laid off from the steel mill, approximately a year after an arrest on charges of attacking a strike-breaker's car with a paint bomb.[3] Academic careerIgnatiev set up Marxist discussion groups in the early 1980s. In 1985, Ignatiev was accepted to the Harvard Graduate School of Education without an undergraduate degree. After earning his master's degree, he joined the Harvard faculty as a lecturer and worked toward a doctorate in U.S. history. Ignatiev was a graduate student at Harvard University where he earned his Ph.D. in 1995. He taught courses there before moving to the Massachusetts College of Art. His academic work is linked to his call to "abolish" the white race, a controversial slogan whose meaning is not always agreed upon by those who debate his work. His dissertation, published by Routledge as the book How the Irish Became White, was advised by prominent social historian of American race and ethnicity Stephan Thernstrom. Ignatiev is the co-founder and co-editor of the journal Race Traitor and the New Abolitionist Society.[5] Ideas and controversiesViews of raceIgnatiev views race distinctions and race itself as a social construct, not a scientific reality.[6][7] Ignatiev's study of Irish immigrants in the 19th-century United States argues that an Irish triumph over nativism marks the incorporation of the Irish into the dominant group of American society. Ignatiev asserts that the Irish were not initially accepted as white by the dominant English-American population. He claims that only through their own violence against free blacks and support of slavery did the Irish gain acceptance as white. Ignatiev defines whiteness as the access to white privilege, which according to Ignatiev gains people perceived to have "white" skin admission to certain neighborhoods, schools, and jobs. In the 19th century, whiteness was strongly associated with political power, especially suffrage. Ignatiev's book on Irish immigrants has been criticized for "conflat[ing] race and economic position" and for ignoring data that contradicts his theses.[7] Ignatiev states{{specify|date=June 2013}} that attempts to give race a biological foundation have only led to absurdities as in the common example that a white woman could give birth to a black child, but a black woman could never give birth to a white child. Ignatiev asserts that the only logical explanation for this notion is that people are members of different racial categories because society assigns people to these categories. "New abolition" and the "white race"Ignatiev's web site and publication Race Traitor display the motto "treason to whiteness is loyalty to humanity". In response to a letter to the site which understood the motto as meaning that the authors "hated" white people because of their "white skin", Ignatiev and the other editors responded: {{quote|We do not hate you or anyone else for the color of her skin. What we hate is a system that confers privileges (and burdens) on people because of their color. It is not fair skin that makes people white; it is fair skin in a certain kind of society, one that attaches social importance to skin color. When we say we want to abolish the white race, we do not mean we want to exterminate people with fair skin. We mean that we want to do away with the social meaning of skin color, thereby abolishing the white race as a social category. Consider this parallel: To be against royalty does not mean wanting to kill the king. It means wanting to do away with crowns, thrones, titles, and the privileges attached to them. In our view, whiteness has a lot in common with royalty: they are both social formations that carry unearned advantages.[8]}}In September 2002, Harvard Magazine published an excerpt from When Race Becomes Real: Black and White Writers Confront Their Personal Histories, edited by Bernestine Singley, about Ignatiev's role in launching Race Traitor.[9] In the excerpt, Ignatiev wrote that "[t]he goal of abolishing the white race is on its face so desirable that some may find it hard to believe that it could incur any opposition other than from committed white supremacists".[9] He wrote that the magazine's editors were frequently accused of being racists or part of a hate group, to which his "standard response" was "to draw an analogy with anti-royalism: to oppose monarchy does not mean killing the king; it means getting rid of crowns, thrones, royal titles, etc."[9] Ignatiev also wrote that "[t]he editors meant it when they replied to a reader, 'Make no mistake about it: we intend to keep bashing the dead white males, and the live ones, and the females too, until the social construct known as "the white race" is destroyed—not "deconstructed" but destroyed'".[9] Some conservative critics, particularly David Horowitz, saw the excerpt as an example of institutional racism against white people at Harvard, in "progressive culture" and in academia.[3] On his website, Horowitz wrote: "Suppose Frontpagemagazine.com ran a headline 'Abolish the Black Race'? What do you think the reaction would be? But at Harvard, where demonizing whites is merely the standard curriculum, an article like this can appear in a glossy magazine whose cover story is 'Whither the Art Museum?'".[3] Toaster controversyFrom 1986 until 1992, Ignatiev served as a tutor (academic advisor) for Dunster House at Harvard University. In early 1992, Ignatiev objected to the university's purchase of a toaster oven for the Dunster House dining hall that would be designated for kosher use only. He insisted that cooking utensils with restricted use should be paid for by private funds. In a letter to the Harvard student newspaper, the Harvard Crimson, Ignatiev wrote: "I regard anti-Semitism, like all forms of religious, ethnic and racial bigotry, as a crime against humanity and whoever calls me an anti-Semite will face a libel suit".[10] Dunster House subsequently declined to renew Ignatiev's contract, saying that his conduct during the dispute was "unbecoming of a Harvard tutor". Dunster co-master Hetty Liem said it was the job of a tutor "to foster a sense of community and tolerance and to serve as a role model for the students" and that Ignatiev had not done so.[11] Encyclopedia of Race and RacismIn 2008, the American Jewish Committee objected to an encyclopedia article on Zionism that Ignatiev wrote for The Encyclopedia of Race and Racism.[12] In the article, Ignatiev described Israel as a "racial state, where rights are assigned on the basis of ascribed descent or the approval of the superior race" and likened it to Nazi Germany and the Southern United States before the civil rights movement.[13] The American Jewish Committee cited numerous "factual and historical inaccuracies" in Ignatiev's article. The American Jewish Committee also questioned why the encyclopedia included an entry about Zionism, stating that it was the only nationalist movement with an article in the encyclopedia.[12] Gideon Shimoni, Professor Emeritus at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, criticized the article as a "litany of errors and distortions of fact".[14] Subsequently, the encyclopedia's publisher Gale announced the appointment of an independent committee to investigate "the factual accuracy, scholarly basis, coverage, scope, and balance of every article". In addition, Gale published a 10-part composite article, "Nationalism and Ethnicity", with a new article on Zionism and evaluations of cultural nationalism in across the globe. The composite article was free of charge to all customers.[15] In response to the findings of the independent committee, Gale has eliminated Ignatiev's article from the encyclopedia.[16] Works
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/How_the_Irish_became_white.html?id=w7ztAAAAMAAJ|title=How the Irish became white - On the author|work=Google Books|year=1995|accessdate=April 19, 2013}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.routledge.com/books/details/9780415963091/ |title=How the Irish Became White |publisher=Routledgehistory.com |date=September 11, 2008 |accessdate=April 8, 2010}} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite web |url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2002/sep/04/20020904-084657-6385r/ |title=Harvard professor argues for 'abolishing' white race |author=Joyce Howard Price |work=The Washington Times |date=September 4, 2002 |accessdate=March 7, 2016 }} 4. ^{{cite web|author=Noel Ignatin |url=http://www.marxists.org/history/erol/1956-1960/ignatin01.htm |title=The POC: A Personal Memoir |publisher=Theoretical Review #12 |accessdate=July 5, 2010}} 5. ^{{Cite web|url=http://racetraitor.org/naindex.html|title=New Abolitionist Society|website=racetraitor.org|access-date=2018-04-10}} 6. ^Smedley, Audrey (2007-March-14-17). "The History of the Idea of Race... and Why It Matters". presented at the conference "Race, Human Variation and Disease: Consensus and Frontiers" sponsored by the American Anthropological Association (AAA).Sober, Elliott (2000). Philosophy of biology (2nd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press. {{ISBN|978-0813391267}}. 7. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Arnesen |first=Eric |title=Whiteness and the Historians' Imagination |journal=International Labor and Working-Class History |number=60 |date=Fall 2001 |pages=3–32 |jstor=27672732 }} 8. ^{{cite web|url=http://racetraitor.org/ |title=Racetraitor.org |publisher=Racetraitor.org |date= |accessdate=April 8, 2010}} 9. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=http://www.harvardmagazine.com/2002/09/abolish-the-white-race.html |title=Abolish the White Race |date=September–October 2002 |work=Harvard Magazine |department=The Browser |accessdate=March 7, 2016 }} 10. ^{{cite web|author=No Writer Attributed |url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=229365 |title=No Toaster Subsidy |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=March 18, 1992 |accessdate=April 8, 2010}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=222958 |title=Dunster Dismisses Vocal Tutor |publisher=Thecrimson.com |date=May 11, 1992 |accessdate=April 8, 2010}} 12. ^1 AJC: Withdraw Zionism chapter in race book, December 10, 2008, Jewish Telegraphic Agency 13. ^"Zionism", Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, Macmillan Press, 2007, pp 240–244. 14. ^Gideon Shimoni, A Comment on the Entry "Zionism" in the Encyclopedia of Race and Racism, December 1, 2008. 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/gale-to-commission-independent-board-to-conduct-thorough-review-of-the-encyclopedia-of-race-and-racism-79527017.html |title=Gale to Commission Independent Board to Conduct Thorough Review of the Encyclopedia of Race and ... – STAMFORD, Conn., Dec. 17 /PRNewswire/ |location=Connecticut |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date=December 17, 2009 |accessdate=April 8, 2010}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.camera.org/index.asp?x_context=2&x_outlet=118&x_article=1982|title=Following Editorial Board Recommendation, Gale to Eliminate Biased "Zionism" Article from Encyclopedia|date=January 24, 2011|publisher=CAMERA}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}
17 : 1940 births|Historians from Pennsylvania|American male non-fiction writers|American Marxist historians|American Marxists|American people of Russian-Jewish descent|Anti-racism activists|Critical race theory|Harvard University alumni|Historians of the United States|Living people|Massachusetts College of Art and Design faculty|Members of the Communist Party USA|Writers from Chicago|Writers from Philadelphia|University of Pennsylvania alumni|American Book Award winners |
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