“1867 flood of Chattanooga”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The 1867 flood of Chattanooga is the largest flood in the city's recorded history. The flood followed a period of heavy rain that affected most of the Tennessee Valley and lasted from March 7 to March 11, 1867.^[1] At its highest point, the water of the Tennessee River crested {{convert|58|ft|abbr=off}} above its normal level, and it inundated much of the city.^[2] As a result of the flooding, Chattanooga's residents began to raise the city's street level by about one story.^[3]

Meteorology

The flood of 1867 took place before reliable methods of meteorological data recording. However, it is known that days prior to the flood, a large area of Southern Appalachia including Tennessee, North Carolina, and Georgia experienced the same, large storm. The tremendous amounts of rainwater combined with the melting snow caused the tributaries and rivers of the Tennessee Valley to swell. In Chattanooga, the Tennessee River began to rise on March 4.^[4]

Flood

Starting March 4, 1867, Chattanooga experienced a four-day-long rainstorm.^[5] By March 9, all of Chattanooga's streets were under {{convert|4|to|8|ft|abbr=off}} of water.^[6] Because there was no warning sent out, most residents of Hamilton Country were unprepared for a calamity of this magnitude.^[7] In addition to many lives being lost in the flood, the city also experienced huge structural damage. Military Bridge, which, at the time, was the only bridge that connected the north and south shores, was washed away. Chattanooga's telegraph lines were also destroyed or washed away, leaving the Chattanooga residents unable to communicate with neighboring cities.^[8] Low lying croplands and livestock fields were washed away, leaving local farmers devastated, and businesses and homes along the shores of the river were completely destroyed.^[9] At night, the city fell victim to looting and violence while the Tennessee River continuously rose sometimes at a rate of one foot every hour. On March 10, the Chattanooga American Union wrote that "the losses of our merchants, businessmen, and citizens cannot be estimated."^[10] Though the exact death toll is unknown, many residents in Chattanooga and the surrounding areas were killed. Corpses floated through the city's flooded streets, and a man on the old Lookout Mountain road had claimed that he had seen fifteen bodies float past in a day.^[11]

Impact

Following the destruction of the Military Bridge, Chattanooga city was without a bridge until the Walnut Street Bridge was constructed in 1891. On March 9, an anonymously written article appeared in the Daily American Union saying that city officials had begun planning to start a major city project that would raise the street level by about one story through the city.^[12] The remnants of this massive project are still noticeable to the naked eye. Downtown Chattanooga is filled with tops of old windows and doors protruding out of the sidewalk and what seem to be basement doors that do not lead anywhere.^[13]

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2012/feb/19/city-below-chattanooga-is-more-than-a-curiosity/|title = City below Chattanooga is more than a curiosity|date = 19 February 2012|accessdate = 2 October 2014|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
2. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.nooga.com/162017/major-flooding-still-possible-in-chattanooga/|title = Major flooding still possible in Chattanooga|date = 13 June 2013|accessdate = 2 October 2014|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2012/feb/19/city-below-chattanooga-is-more-than-a-curiosity/|title = City below Chattanooga is more than a curiosity|date = 19 February 2012|accessdate = 2 October 2014|website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
4. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rtimages/mrx/presentations/ChattFloodof1867.pdf|title = The 1867 Flood of Chattanooga|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
5. ^{{Cite book|title = Chattanooga Chronicles|last = Maxwell|first = Cody|publisher = The History Press|year = 2013|isbn = |location = Charleston, SC|pages = 45}}
6. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rtimages/mrx/presentations/ChattFloodof1867.pdf|title = The 1867 Flood of Chattanooga|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
7. ^{{Cite book|title = A History of Hamilton County|last = Livingood|first = James W.|publisher = Memphis State University Press|year = 1891|isbn = |location = |pages = 219}}
8. ^{{Cite book|title = Chattanooga Chronicles|last = |first = |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = }}
9. ^{{Cite book|title = A History of Hamilton County|last = Livingood|first = James W.|publisher = Memphis State University Press|year = 1981|isbn = |location = |pages = 219}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.srh.noaa.gov/rtimages/mrx/presentations/ChattFloodof1867.pdf|title = The East Tennessee Flood of 1867|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}
11. ^{{Cite book|title = Chattanooga Chronicles|last = |first = |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = }}
12. ^{{Cite book|title = Chattanooga Chronicles|last = |first = |publisher = |year = |isbn = |location = |pages = }}
13. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.timesfreepress.com/news/2012/feb/19/city-below-chattanooga-is-more-than-a-curiosity/|title = Underground city below Chattanooga is more than a curiosity|date = 2012|accessdate = 2 October 2014|website = Chattanooga Times Free Press|publisher = |last = |first = }}