| 词条 | 1892 Italian general election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Italian general election, 1892 | country = Kingdom of Italy | type = legislative | ongoing = no | previous_election= Italian general election, 1890 | previous_year = 1890 | next_election = Italian general election, 1895 | next_year = 1895 | seats_for_election = All 508 seats to the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Italy | election_date = 6–13 November 1892 | image1 = | leader1 = Giovanni Giolitti | leaders_seat1 = | party1 = Historical Left | seats1 = 323 | seat_change1 = {{decrease}}78 | popular_vote1 = 1,075,244 | percentage1 = 63.6% | swing1 = {{decrease}}15.3% | image2 = | leader2 = Antonio Starabba di Rudinì | leaders_seat2 = | party2 = Historical Right | seats2 = 93 | seat_change2 = {{increase}}45 | popular_vote2 = 309,873 | percentage2 = 18.3% | swing2 = {{increase}}8.9% | image3 = | leader3 = Felice Cavallotti | leaders_seat3 = | party3 = Historical Far Left | seats3 = 56 | seat_change3 = {{increase}}14 | popular_vote3 = 186,263 | percentage3 = 11.0% | swing3 = {{increase}}2.7% | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = | title = Prime Minister | posttitle = Elected Prime Minister | before_election = Antonio Starabba, Marchese di Rudinì | after_election = Giovanni Giolitti | before_party = Historical Right | after_party = Historical Left }}General elections were held in Italy on 6 November 1892, with a second round of voting on 13 November.[1] The "ministerial" left-wing bloc emerged as the largest in Parliament, winning 323 of the 508 seats.[2] The electoral system reverted to the pre-1882 method of using single-member constituencies with second round run-offs.[3] Historical backgroundGiovanni Giolitti's first term as Prime Minister (1892–1893) was marked by misfortune and misgovernment. The building crisis and the commercial rupture with France had impaired the situation of the state banks, of which one, the Banca Romana, had been further undermined by misadministration. The Banca Romana had loaned large sums to property developers but was left with huge liabilities when the real estate bubble collapsed in 1887.[4] Then Prime Minister Francesco Crispi and his Treasury Minister Giolitti knew of the 1889 government inspection report, but feared that publicity might undermine public confidence and suppressed the report.[5]The Bank Act of August 1893 liquidated the Banca Romana and reformed the whole system of note issue, restricting the privilege to the new Banca d'Italia – mandated to liquidate the Banca Romana – and to the Banco di Napoli and the Banco di Sicilia, and providing for stricter state control.[5][6] The new law failed to effect an improvement. Moreover, he irritated public opinion by raising to senatorial rank the governor of the Banca Romana, Bernardo Tanlongo, whose irregular practices had become a byword, which would have given him immunity from prosecution.[7] The senate declined to admit Tanlongo, whom Giolitti, in consequence of an intervention in parliament upon the condition of the Banca Romana, was obliged to arrest and prosecute. During the prosecution Giolitti abused his position as premier to abstract documents bearing on the case. Simultaneously a parliamentary commission of inquiry investigated the condition of the state banks. Its report, though acquitting Giolitti of personal dishonesty, proved disastrous to his political position, and the ensuing Banca Romana scandal obliged him to resign.[8] His fall left the finances of the state disorganized, the pensions fund depleted, diplomatic relations with France strained in consequence of the massacre of Italian workmen at Aigues-Mortes, and a state of revolt in the Lunigiana and by the Fasci Siciliani in Sicily, which he had proved impotent to suppress. Despite the heavy pressure from the King, the army and conservative circles in Rome, Giolitti neither treated strikes – which were not illegal – as a crime, nor dissolved the Fasci, nor authorised the use of firearms against popular demonstrations.[9] His policy was “to allow these economic struggles to resolve themselves through amelioration of the condition of the workers” and not to interfere in the process.[10] Parties and leaders
Results
|title=Parliamentary seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{bar percent|Historical Left|{{Historical Left/meta/color}}|63.6}}{{bar percent|Historical Right|{{Historical Right/meta/color}}|18.3}}{{bar percent|Historical Far Left|{{Historical Far Left/meta/color}}|11.0}}{{bar percent|Others|{{Other/meta/color}}|7.1}} }} References1. ^Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 {{ISBN|978-3-8329-5609-7}} {{Italian elections}}{{Authority control}}2. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p1082 3. ^Nohlen & Stöver, p1030 4. ^Alfredo Gigliobianco and Claire Giordano, Economic Theory and Banking Regulation: The Italian Case (1861-1930s) {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327062547/http://www.bancaditalia.it/pubblicazioni/pubsto/quastoeco/quadsto_05/Quaderno_storia_economica_5.pdf |date=2012-03-27 }}, Quaderni di Storia Economica (Economic History Working Papers), Nr. 5, November 2010 5. ^1 Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 154-56 6. ^Pohl & Freitag, Handbook on the history of European banks, [https://books.google.com/books?id=eXvfNDHpfWwC&pg=PA564 p. 564] 7. ^Duggan, The Force of Destiny, [https://books.google.com/books?id=lSRwOZ0Yxw8C&pg=PA340 p. 340] 8. ^[https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1893/11/25/109734699.pdf Cabinet Forced To Resign; Italian Ministers Called "Thieves" by the People], The New York Times, November 25, 1893 9. ^De Grand, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Y5x7hE8hp1UC&pg=PA47 The hunchback's tailor], pp. 47-48 10. ^Seton-Watson, Italy from liberalism to fascism, pp. 162-63 4 : General elections in Italy|1892 elections in Europe|1892 in Italy|November 1892 events |
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