“Nolan Chart”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Nolan Chart is a political spectrum diagram created by American libertarian activist David Nolan in 1969. The chart charts political views along two axes, representing economic freedom and personal freedom. It expands political view analysis beyond the traditional one-dimensional left–right/progressive-conservative divide, in order to position libertarianism as outside the traditional spectrum.

Development

The claim that political positions can be located on a chart with two axes: left-right (economics) and tough-tender (authoritarian-libertarian) was put forward by the British psychologist Hans Eysenck in his 1954 book The Psychology of Politics with statistical evidence based on survey data.^[1] This leads to a loose classification of political positions into four quadrants, with further detail based on exact position within the quadrant.^[2]

A similar two-dimensional chart appeared in 1970 in the publication The Floodgates of Anarchy by Stuart Christie and Albert Meltzer, but that work distinguished between the axes collectivism–capitalism on the one hand, individualism–totalitarianism on the other, with anarchism, fascism, "state communism" and "capitalist individualism" in the corners.^[3] In Radicals for Capitalism (p. 321), Brian Doherty attributes the idea for the chart to an article by Maurice Bryson and William McDill in The Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought (Summer 1968) entitled "The Political Spectrum: A Bi-Dimensional Approach".^[4]

David Nolan first published his version of the chart in an article named "Classifying and Analyzing Politico-Economic Systems" in the January 1971 issue of The Individualist, the monthly magazine of the Society for Individual Liberty (SIL). In December 1971, he helped to start the group that would become the Libertarian Party.^[5]

Frustrated by the "left-right" line analysis that leaves no room for other ideologies, Nolan devised a chart with two axes which would come to be known as the Nolan Chart, and later became the centerpiece of the World's Smallest Political Quiz. Nolan's argument was that the major difference between various political philosophies, the real defining element in what a person believes politically, is the amount of government control over human action that is advocated.^[6] Nolan further reasoned that virtually all human political action can be divided into two broad categories: economic and personal. The "economic" category includes what people do as producers and consumers – what they can buy, sell and produce, where they work, who they hire and what they do with their money. Examples of economic activity include starting or operating a business, buying a home, constructing a building and working in an office. The "personal" category includes what people do in relationships, in self-expression and what they do with their own bodies and minds. Examples of personal activities include whom they marry; choosing what books they read and movies they watch; what foods, medicines and drugs they choose to consume; recreational activities; religious choices; organizations they join; and with whom they choose to associate.

According to Nolan, since most government activity (or government control) occurs in these two major areas, political positions can be defined by how much government control a person or political party favors in these two areas. The extremes are no government at all in either area (anarchism) or total or near-total government control of everything (various forms of totalitarianism). Most political philosophies fall somewhere in between. In broad terms:

In order to visually express this argument, Nolan came up with a two-axis graph. One axis was for economic freedom and the other was for personal freedom, with the scale on each of the two axes ranging from zero (total state control) to 100% (no state control). 100% freedom in economics would mean an entirely free market (laissez-faire); 100% freedom in personal issues would mean no government control of private, personal life. By using the scale on each of the two axes, it was possible to graph the intersection of the amount of personal liberty and economic liberty a person, political organization, or political philosophy advocates. Therefore, instead of classifying all political opinion on a one-dimensional range from left to right, Nolan's chart allowed two-dimensional measurement: how much (or little) government control a person favored in personal and economic matters.

Nolan said that one of the impacts of his chart is that when someone views it, it causes an irreversible change as viewers henceforth view the included orientations in two dimensions instead of one.^[7]

In 1987, Marshall Fritz, founder of Advocates for Self-Government, tweaked the chart and added ten questions – which he called the World's Smallest Political Quiz – which enabled people to plot their political beliefs on the chart.^[8]

Positions

Differing from the traditional left–right distinction and other political taxonomies, the Nolan Chart in its original form has two dimensions, with a horizontal x-axis labeled "economic freedom" and a vertical y-axis labeled "personal freedom". It resembles a square divided into five sections, with a label assigned to each of the following sections:

Polling

In August 2011, the libertarian Reason magazine worked with the Rupe organization to survey 1,200 Americans by telephone and place their views within the Nolan chart categories. The Reason-Rupe poll found that "Americans cannot easily be bundled into either the 'liberal' or 'conservative' groups". Specifically, 28% expressed conservative views, 24% expressed libertarian views, 20% expressed communitarian views and 28% expressed liberal views. The margin of error was ±3.^[11]

Criticism

Outside of libertarian circles, the Nolan chart is not commonly accepted. Brian Patrick Mitchell cites three reasons for this:^[12]

Similar criticisms, but from a libertarian perspective, are leveled by Jacob Huebert,^[13] who adds that the separation of personal and economic liberty is untenable when one considers the rights to prostitute oneself and to deal drugs, both of which are libertarian causes: adopting either profession is a personal (moral) as well as an economic decision. Also, Huebert notes that it is unclear where in the Nolan chart libertarian opposition to war belongs.

See also

References

1. ^Hans Eysenck. The Psychology of Politics. 1954.
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.olivet.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=psci_facp|title=If You Can't Join 'Em, Don't : Untangling Attitudes on Social, Economic and Foreign Issues by Graphing Them | author=David Claborn & Lindsey Tobias |accessdate=May 15, 2015|publisher=Olivet Nazarene University|}}
3. ^Christie, Stuart, Albert Meltzer. The Floodgates of Anarchy. Kahn & Averill. London. 1970. p. 73. {{ISBN|978-0-900707-03-2}}.
4. ^{{cite journal|url=https://mises.org/journals/rampart/Rampart_summer1968.pdf|author=Maurice Bryson, William McDill|journal=The Rampart Journal of Individualist Thought|date=Summer 1968|title=The Political Spectrum: A Bi-Dimensional Approach}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theadvocates.org/celebrities/david-nolan.html|title=David Nolan – Libertarian Celebrity|accessdate=September 9, 2008|publisher=Advocates for Self Government|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080616110300/http://www.theadvocates.org/celebrities/david-nolan.html|archivedate=June 16, 2008}}
6. ^https://www.theadvocates.org/about-the-quiz/
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://libertariantv.com/david-nolan-interview|title=Mark Selzer and co-host Martina Slocomb interview David Nolan|publisher=The Libertarian Alternative Public Access TV Show|accessdate=February 15, 2013}}
8. ^https://www.theadvocates.org/2014/02/worlds-smallest-political-quiz-taken-21-million-times-online/
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theadvocates.org/about-the-quiz/ |title=The ORIGINAL and Acclaimed Internet Political Quiz! | author= |accessdate=June 4, 2018|publisher=Advocates For Self-Government|}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nolanchart.com/article1418-what-is-a-statist-html |title=What is a Statist? | author= |accessdate=June 4, 2018|publisher=Nolan Chart - Online Marketing Guild LLC |}}
11. ^{{cite news|url=http://reason.com/blog/2011/08/29/reason-rupe-poll-finds-24-of-a|title=Reason-Rupe Poll Finds 24 Percent of Americans are Economically Conservative and Socially Liberal, 28 Percent Liberal, 28 Percent Conservative, and 20 Percent Communitarian|author=Emily Ekins|date=August 29, 2011|work=Reason|accessdate=January 1, 2012}}
12. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hg0epWuFdRcC&pg=PA7&dq=Nolan|title=Eight Ways to Run the Country: A New and Revealing Look at Left and Right|author=Brian Patrick Mitchell|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=2007|isbn=978-0-275-99358-0|page=7}}
13. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/655885097|title=Libertarianism today|last=H.|first=Huebert, Jacob|date=2010|publisher=Praeger|year=|isbn=9780313377556|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|pages=22-24|oclc=655885097}}