| 词条 | 1916 Spanish general election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| election_name = Spanish general election, 1916 | country = Spain | flag_year = 1785 | type = parliamentary | ongoing = no | previous_election = Spanish general election, 1914 | previous_year = 1914 | next_election = Spanish general election, 1918 | next_year = 1918 | outgoing_members = | elected_members = | seats_for_election = All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies and 180 (of 360) seats in the Senate 205 seats needed for a majority in the Congress of Deputies | registered = | turnout = | election_date = 9 April 1916 {{smaller|(Congress)}} 23 April 1916 {{smaller|(Senate)}} | image1 = | leader1 = Count of Romanones | party1 = PL–LD | colour1 = 83C53A | leader_since1 = 1912 | leaders_seat1 = Guadalajara | last_election1 = 123 seats | seats1 = 233 | seat_change1 = 110 | popular_vote1 = | percentage1 = | swing1 = | image2 = | leader2 = Eduardo Dato | party2 = Conservative Party (Spain) | leader_since2 = 1913 | leaders_seat2 = Vitoria | last_election2 = 193 seats | seats2 = 88 | seat_change2 = 105 | popular_vote2 = | percentage2 = | swing2 = | image3 = | leader3 = Antonio Maura | party3 = Maurist Conservatives | leader_since3 = 1913 | leaders_seat3 = Palma | last_election3 = 22 seats | seats3 = 17 | seat_change3 = 5 | popular_vote3 = | percentage3 = | swing3 = | image4 = | leader4 = Roberto Castrovido | party4 = Republican–Socialist Conjunction | leader_since4 = 1916 | leaders_seat4 = Madrid | last_election4 = 12 seats{{efn|Aggregated data for Rep, PRDF, PURA and PSOE in the 1914 election.}} | seats4 = 13 | seat_change4 = 1 | popular_vote4 = | percentage4 = | swing4 = | image5 = | leader5 = Enric Prat de la Riba | party5 = Regionalist League of Catalonia | leader_since5 = 1906 | leaders_seat5 = — | last_election5 = 13 seats | seats5 = 13 | seat_change5 = 0 | popular_vote5 = | percentage5 = | swing5 = | image6 = | leader6 = Melquíades Álvarez | party6 = Reformist Party (Spain) | leader_since6 = 1912 | leaders_seat6 = Castropol | last_election6 = 11 seats | seats6 = 12 | seat_change6 = 1 | popular_vote6 = | percentage6 = | swing6 = | map_image = | map_size = | map_caption = | title = Prime Minister | before_election = Count of Romanones | before_party = Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) | after_election = Count of Romanones | after_party = Liberal Party (Spain, 1880) }} The 1916 Spanish general election was held on Sunday, 9 April and on Sunday, 23 April 1916, to elect the 16th Restoration Cortes of the Kingdom of Spain. All 409 seats in the Congress of Deputies were up for election, as well as 180 of 360 seats in the Senate.[1] OverviewBackgroundThe Spanish Constitution of 1876 enshrined Spain as a constitutional monarchy, awarding the King power to name senators and to revoke laws, as well as the title of commander-in-chief of the army. The King would also play a key role in the system of the turno pacífico ({{lang-en|Peaceful Turn}}) by appointing and toppling governments and allowing the opposition to take power. Under this system, the Conservative and Liberal parties alternated in power by means of election rigging, which they achieved through the encasillado, using the links between the Ministry of Governance, the provincial civil governors, and the local bosses (caciques) to ensure victory and exclude minor parties from the power sharing. Electoral systemThe Spanish Cortes were envisaged as "co-legislative bodies", based on a nearly perfect bicameralism. Both the Congress of Deputies and the Senate had legislative, control and budgetary functions, sharing equal powers except for laws on contributions or public credit, where the Congress had preeminence.[2][3] Voting for the Cortes was on the basis of universal manhood suffrage, which comprised all national males over twenty-five, having at least a two-year residency in a municipality and in full enjoyment of their civil rights. Voting was compulsory except for those older than 70, the clergy, first instance judges and public notaries.{{sfn|Carreras|Tafunell|1989|pp=1077}} For the Congress of Deputies, 173 seats were elected using a partial block voting in 44 multi-member constituencies, with the remaining 236 being elected under a one-round first-past-the-post system in single-member districts. Candidates winning a plurality in each constituency were elected. In constituencies electing ten seats or more, electors could vote for no more than four candidates less than the number of seats to be allocated; in those with more than eight seats and up to ten, for no more than three less; in those with more than four seats and up to eight, for no more than two less; in those with more than one seat and up to four, for no more than one less; and for one candidate in single-member districts. Additionally, in single-member districts where candidates ran unopposed, as well as in multi-member districts where the number of candidates was equal or less than the number of seats to be filled, candidates were to be automatically proclaimed without an election. The Congress was entitled to one member per each 50,000 inhabitants, with each multi-member constituency being allocated a fixed number of seats: 13 for Barcelona and Madrid, 6 for Valencia, 5 for La Coruña, Palma, Santander and Seville, 4 for Alicante, Almería, Badajoz, Córdoba, Huelva, Jaén, Lugo, Málaga, Murcia and Oviedo and 3 for Alcázar de San Juan, Alcoy, Algeciras, Bilbao, Burgos, Cádiz, Cartagena, Castellón de la Plana, Ciudad Real, El Ferrol, Gijón, Granada, Jerez de la Frontera, Las Palmas, Lérida, Llerena, Lorca, Orense, Pamplona, Pontevedra, San Sebastián, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Tarragona, Valladolid, Vera, Vigo and Zaragoza. The law also provided for by-elections to fill seats vacated throughout the legislature.[2][4][5][6] For the Senate, 180 seats were indirectly elected, with electors voting for delegates instead of senators. Elected delegates—equivalent in number to one-sixth of the councillors in each municipal corporation—would then vote for senators using a write-in, two-round majority voting system. The provinces of Barcelona, Madrid and Valencia were allocated four seats each, whereas each of the remaining provinces was allocated three seats, for a total of 150. The remaining 30 were allocated to a number of institutions, electing one seat each—the Archdioceses of Burgos, Granada, Santiago de Compostela, Seville, Tarragona, Toledo, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; the Royal Spanish Academy; the Royal Academies of History, Fine Arts, Sciences, Moral and Political Sciences and Medicine; the Universities of Madrid, Barcelona, Granada, Oviedo, Salamanca, Santiago, Seville, Valencia, Valladolid and Zaragoza; and the Economic Societies of Friends of the Country from Madrid, Barcelona, León, Seville and Valencia. An additional 180 seats comprised senators in their own right—the Monarch's offspring and the heir apparent once coming of age; Grandees of Spain of the first class; Captain Generals of the Army and the Navy Admiral; the Patriarch of the Indies and archbishops; as well as other high-ranking state figures—and senators for life (who were appointed by the Monarch).[7][8] Election dateThe term of each House of the Cortes—the Congress and one-half of the elective part of the Senate—expired five years from the date of their previous election, unless they were dissolved earlier. The Monarch had the prerogative to dissolve both Houses at any given time—either jointly or separately—and call a snap election.[2][5][7] ResultsCongress of Deputies
|title=Seats |titlebar=#ddd |width=550px |barwidth=500px |bars={{bar percent|PL–LD|{{Liberal Party (Spain, 1880)/meta/color}}|56.97}}{{bar percent|PLC|{{Conservative Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|21.52}}{{bar percent|CM|{{Maurist Party/meta/color}}|4.16}}{{bar percent|CRS|{{Republican–Socialist Conjunction/meta/color}}|3.18}}{{bar percent|LRC|{{Regionalist League of Catalonia/meta/color}}|3.18}}{{bar percent|PR|{{Reformist Party (Spain)/meta/color}}|2.93}}{{bar percent|CT|{{Traditionalist Communion/meta/color}}|2.20}}{{bar percent|CC|{{Ciervists/meta/color}}|1.96}}{{bar percent|PRR–UFNR|{{Republican Coalition (Spain, 1914)/meta/color}}|1.47}}{{bar percent|Cató.i|{{Independent Catholic/meta/color}}|0.73}}{{bar percent|Int.i|{{Integrist Party/meta/color}}|0.49}}{{bar percent|BRA|{{Autonomist Republican Bloc/meta/color}}|0.24}}{{bar percent|Nac.cat.i|{{Independent Catalan Nationalist/meta/color}}|0.24}}{{bar percent|Reg.cast|{{Regionalist (Restoration)/meta/color}}|0.24}}{{bar percent|Din.v|{{Basque Dynastics/meta/color}}|0.24}}{{bar percent|Rep.nac.cat|{{Catalan Nationalist Republican/meta/color}}|0.24}} }} Notes{{notelist}}Bibliography
|last1 = Carreras de Odriozola |first1 = Albert |last2 = Tafunell Sambola |first2 = Xavier |year = 2005 |orig-year = 1989 |title = Estadísticas históricas de España, siglos XIX-XX |url = http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf |language = Spanish |volume = Volume 1 |location = Bilbao |publisher = Fundación BBVA |pages = 1072–1097 |edition = II |isbn = 84-96515-00-1 |deadurl = yes |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150924010950/http://www.fbbva.es/TLFU/dat/autores.pdf |archivedate = 24 September 2015 |df = dmy-all }} References1. ^{{cite act |title=Royal decree declaring dissolved the Congress of Deputies and the elective part of the Senate |type=Royal Decree |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=16 March 1916 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1910/105/A00110-00110.pdf |accessdate=4 January 2017}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite act |title=Spanish Constitution of 1876 |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=30 June 1876 |url=http://www.cepc.gob.es/docs/constituciones-espa/1876.pdf?sfvrsn=4 |accessdate=27 December 2016}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.senado.es/web/conocersenado/temasclave/historiaconstitucional/index.html |title=El Senado en la historia constitucional española |author= |date= |website=senado.es |publisher=Senate of Spain |language=Spanish |accessdate=26 December 2016}} 4. ^{{cite act |title=Electoral Law for Deputies to Cortes of 1878 |type=Electoral Law |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=28 December 1878 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1878/364/A00885-00890.pdf |accessdate=27 December 2016}} 5. ^1 {{cite act |title=Electoral Law of 1907 |type=Electoral Law |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=8 August 1907 |url=http://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE/1907/222/A00584-00592.pdf |accessdate=26 December 2016}} 6. ^{{cite act |title=Law of Electoral Division for Cortes deputy elections of 1913 |type=Law |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=23 October 1913 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1913/299/A00260-00267.pdf |accessdate=25 July 2018}} 7. ^1 {{cite act |title=Electoral Law for Senators of 1877 |type=Electoral Law |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=8 February 1877 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1877/041/A00373-00375.pdf |accessdate=27 December 2016}} 8. ^{{cite act |title=Royal decree declaring dissolved the Congress of Deputies and the elective part of the Senate |type=Royal Decree |work=Gazette of Madrid |language=Spanish |date=16 March 1899 |url=https://www.boe.es/datos/pdfs/BOE//1899/076/A01021-01021.pdf |accessdate=27 December 2016}} 9. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1916.html |title=Cortes election 9 April 1916 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=24 September 2017}} 10. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.historiaelectoral.com/e1800g.html |title=Graphs and analysis: Elections in the Revolutionary Sexennium and the Restoration 1869-1923 |language=Spanish |website=historiaelectoral.com |publisher=Electoral History |accessdate=24 September 2017}} External links
4 : 1916 elections in Spain|1916 in Spain|General elections in Spain|April 1916 events |
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