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词条 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay
释义

  1. Organization

  2. Political significance

  3. Relay elements

     Torch  Route 

  4. Route in Greece

  5. Route in Europe

  6. Route in Germany

  7. Runners per country

     Lighting of the cauldron 

  8. References

{{Infobox Olympic torch relay|1936|Summer
| Logo = DR 1936 613 Olympische Sommerspiele Fackellauf.jpg
| caption = 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay on a German stamp
| host city = Berlin, Germany
| countries visited = Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia (Serbia), Hungary, Austria, Czechoslovakia (Slovakia, Czech Republic), Germany
| distance = 3,187 km
| torch bearers = 3,331
| theme =
| start date = 20 July 1936
| end date = 1 August 1936
| torch designer = Walter Lemcke
| number of torches = 3,840
}}{{1936 Summer Olympics}}

The 1936 Summer Olympics torch relay was the first of its kind, following on from the reintroduction of the Olympic Flame at the 1928 Games. It pioneered the modern convention of moving the flame via a relay system from Greece to the Olympic venue. Leni Riefenstahl filmed the relay for the award-winning but controversial 1938 film Olympia.

Organization

The Olympic flame was introduced to the modern Games in 1928 when it burnt atop a pillar above the stadium in Amsterdam. Four years later the same was repeated in Los Angeles. At both of these events the flame was lit on site at the stadium.[1]

Carl Diem devised the idea of the torch relay for the 1936 Summer Olympics in Berlin that was organized by the Nazi Party under the guidance of Joseph Goebbels. The process was ratified by the International Olympic Committee[1] and has been repeated at all the Games that have followed.[2]

Diem and the organizing team realized that there would need to be very detailed plans in order to successfully complete the relay to a standard that would satisfy both themselves and the ruling Third Reich. At the time they were unsure about exactly how they could use the sun's rays to start the fire as well as how to create a torch that would remain alight whatever the conditions. Research was therefore required into the specialist technologies that would be needed. The route itself would need development and the path down from Olympia was deemed too difficult to access. The organising committees therefore agreed that new roads would be built to ensure that the relay got off to the best possible start.[3]

Political significance

Adolf Hitler saw the link with the ancient Games as the perfect way to illustrate his belief that classical Greece was an Aryan forerunner of the modern German Reich.[4][5]{{quote|"The sportive, knightly battle awakens the best human characteristics. It doesn't separate, but unites the combatants in understanding and respect. It also helps to connect the countries in the spirit of peace. That's why the Olympic Flame should never die."| Adolf Hitler, commenting on the 1936 Berlin Olympic Games[6]}}

The event was designed to demonstrate the growing influence and power of the Third Reich. It was internationally viewed as a great success,[4] sufficient for it to be replicated in all Games thereafter.[2][7]

Leni Riefenstahl, a film-maker admired by Hitler,[2] filmed the relay for the 1938 release Olympia. While the film is often seen as a prime example of Nazi propaganda,[6] it has also been hailed as one of the greatest films of all time[8] and won many awards upon its release.[9]

Relay elements

Torch

Sculptor Walter Lemcke designed the 27 cm wood and metal torches. German manufacturer Krupp produced 3,840 copies for the runners, over 500 more than would be needed.[10] It was designed with two fuses to help it cope with different weather conditions and could stay alight for ten minutes, longer than each section of the route.[1]

Route

On 20 July 1936[1] the Olympic flame was lit in Greece by a concave mirror made by German company Zeiss.[4] The Nazi Party wanted to demonstrate their organisational prowess and enhance their influence on various countries along the route of the relay. The torch travelled through south-eastern and central European countries to demonstrate and enhance their influence.[4] The National Olympic Committees (NOCs) of the countries along the route all agreed to support the relay which would pass through Greece, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Austria, and Czechoslovakia and then Germany.[1] These countries would fall under Nazi domination as the second World War began just over three years later.[2] In Austria, a country that would be annexed into the Third Reich less than two years after the relay, the torch was met by major public demonstrations.[4]

In all the torch was transported over 3,187 kilometres by 3,331 runners in twelve days and eleven nights from Greece to Berlin. Much of the route was split into kilometre-long sections and it was anticipated that each runner would traverse that distance in five minutes, though some leeway was given to allow for difficult terrain and sparsely populated areas.[1] The names of most of the torch bearers, all of whom were male,[2] were not recorded.[11]

For the pass of the Olympic flame at Delphi, a milestone with the Olympic symbol in the faces was made for a torchbearers' ceremony in the stadium at Delphi, site of the famous oracle, where the Pythian Games were also held for orders of Carl Diem where a torchbearer should carry the flame along with an escort of three others from there to Berlin. This stone is wrongly indicated like the source of the Olympic symbol of the five interlaced rings.

Route in Greece

[12]{{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; width:400px|titlestyle=background:none; text-align:left|bullets=on|title=July 20|Olympia|Pont Ladon| Vytina}}{{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; width:400px|titlestyle=background:none; text-align:left|bullets=on|title=July 21|Tripoli|Argos|Corinth|Eleusis|Athens}}{{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; width:400px|titlestyle=background:none; text-align:left|bullets=on|title=July 22|Thebes|Livadeia|Delphi|Amphissa|Bralos|Lamia}}{{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; width:400px|titlestyle=background:none; text-align:left|bullets=on|title=July 23|Domokos|Farsala|Larissa|Elassona|Servia|Kozani}}{{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; width:400px|titlestyle=background:none; text-align:left|bullets=on|title=July 24|Veria|Jida|Philippi|Thessaloniki|Lyngovani|Serres}}{{Collapsible list|framestyle=border:none; width:400px|titlestyle=background:none; text-align:left|bullets=on|title=July 25|Sidirokastro}}

Route in Europe

July 25 (Bulgaria):

  • Kula, Kresna, Gorna Dzumaja, Dupnitsa, Sofia, Slivnitsa

July 26 (Yugoslavia/Serbia):

  • Caribrod, Pirot, Niš, Ražanj, Pojate, Paraćin, Ćuprija, Jagodina, Kragujevac

July 27 (Yugoslavia/Serbia):

  • Topola, Oplenac, Mladenovac, Belgrade, Zemun, Inđija, Novi Sad, Stari Vrbas, Bačka Topola

July 28 (Yugoslavia/Serbia):

  • Subotica, Horgoš

July 28 (Hungary):

  • Szeged, Kiskunfélegyháza, Kecskemét, Sári, Soroksár, Budapest

July 29 (Hungary/Czechoslovakia/Slovakia):

  • Tát, Szőny, Győr, Moson, Rusovce

July 29 (Austria):

  • Kittsee, Hainburg, Aschbach-Markt, Vienna, Stockerau

July 30 (Austria):

  • Maissau, Horn, Göpfrür, Waidhofen, Heidenreichstein, Reingers

July 30 (Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic):

  • Nová Bystřice, Jindřichův Hradec, Soběslav, Tábor, Benešov, Prague

July 30 (Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic):

  • Straskov, Terezín, Teplice

Route in Germany

July 31 (day 1): Pirna

July 31 (day 1): Dresden

July 31 (day 1): Meissen

July 31 (day 1): Großenhain

July 31 (day 1): Elsterwerda

July 31 (day 1): Liebenwerda

July 31 (day 1): Herzberg

July 31 (day 1): Jüterbog

July 31 (day 1): Luckenwalde

July 31 (day 1): Trebbin

August 1 (day 2): Berlin

August 1 (day 2): Lustgarten

August 1 (day 2): Olympic Stadium

DateMap
July 31 (day 1): PeterswaldGermany Rhineland-Palatinatewidth=300float=centercaption=places={{Location map~|Germany Rhineland-Palatinate|label=Peterswald|position=|link=Peterswald-Löffelscheid|lat_deg=50.000301|lon_deg=7.297563}}
}}
Germany Saxonywidth=300float=centercaption=places={{Location map~|Germany Saxony|label=Pirna|position=|link=Pirna|lat_deg=51.051437|lon_deg=13.941917}}{{Location map~|Germany Saxony|label=Dresden|position=|link=Dresden|lat_deg=50.962517|lon_deg=13.737262}}{{Location map~|Germany Saxony|label=Meissen|position=|link=Meissen|lat_deg=51.161784|lon_deg=13.497659}}{{Location map~|Germany Saxony|label=Großenhain|position=|link=Großenhain|lat_deg=51.291227|lon_deg=13.531304}}
}}
Germany Brandenburgwidth=300float=centercaption=places={{Location map~|Germany Brandenburg|label=Elsterwerda|position=|link=Elsterwerda|lat_deg=51.463258|lon_deg=13.520220}}{{Location map~|Germany Brandenburg|label=Liebenwerda|position=left|link=Bad Liebenwerda|lat_deg=51.517825|lon_deg=13.400940}}{{Location map~|Germany Brandenburg|label=Herzberg|position=|link=Herzberg (Elster)|lat_deg=51.680143|lon_deg=13.210162}}{{Location map~|Germany Brandenburg|label=Jüterbog|position=|link=Jüterbog|lat_deg=51.996473|lon_deg=13.075631}}{{Location map~|Germany Brandenburg|label=Luckenwalde|position=|link=Luckenwalde|lat_deg=52.090390|lon_deg=13.163691}}{{Location map~|Germany Brandenburg|label=Trebbin|position=|link=Trebbin|lat_deg=52.218000|lon_deg=13.224975}}
}}
Germany Berlinwidth=300float=centercaption=places={{Location map~|Germany Berlin|label=Berlin|position=top|link=Berlin|lat_deg=52.520495|lon_deg=13.404954}}{{Location map~|Germany Berlin|label=Lustgarten|position=bottom|link=Lustgarten|lat_deg=52.518682|lon_deg=13.399203}}{{Location map~|Germany Berlin|label=Olympic Stadium|position=left|link=Berlin Olympic Stadium|lat_deg=52.514737|lon_deg=13.239683}}
}}

Runners per country

#CountryRunners
1Greece1108}}
2Bulgaria238}}
3Yugoslavia575}}
4Hungary386}}
5Austria219}}
6Czechoslovakia282}}
7Germany267}}

Lighting of the cauldron

Two urns in the centre of Berlin, within two long rows of large swastika flags, were lit by 400m-runner Siegfried Eifrig on 1 August 1936.[4][11] The urns burnt for the duration of the Games and served as the starting point for the final relay runner. Fritz Schilgen, a three time 1500m champion, was suggested by former German athletics president Karl Ritter von Halt as the final runner. Schilgen, viewed as a "symbol of German sporting youth",[3] was accepted by the three advisory boards. One of these, the aesthetics commission, included film-maker Riefenstahl on the panel.[13]

References

1. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|url=http://olympic-museum.de/torches/torch1936.htm |title=Torches |publisher=olympic-museum.de |accessdate=30 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724033556/http://olympic-museum.de/torches/torch1936.htm |archivedate=24 July 2012 |df= }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-12297876|title=London 2012: What is the Olympic torch relay?|publisher=BBC News|date=9 May 2012|accessdate=30 July 2012|first=Claire|last=Heald}}
3. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_655.pdf|title=The Olympic flame and torch relay|publisher=The Olympic Museum|year=2007|accessdate=31 July 2012}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7330949.stm|title=The Olympic torch's shadowy past|publisher=BBC News|date=5 April 2008|accessdate=30 July 2012|first=Chris|last=Bowlby}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article3699278.ece|title= Who put the Olympic flame out?|publisher=timesonline.co.uk|date=7 April 2008|accessdate=30 July 2012|location=London |first=Nico|last=Hines}}
6. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/chris-weigant/the-olympic-torch-relays_b_96648.html|title=The Olympic Torch Relay's Nazi Origin|publisher=Huffington Post|date=14 April 2008|accessdate=30 July 2012|first=Chris|last=Weigant}}
7. ^{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/Schwarcz+London+2012+torch+lighter+brighter+safer/7001452/story.html|title=London 2012 torch ‘lighter, brighter, safer’|publisher=Montreal Gazette|date=27 July 2012|accessdate=4 August 2012|first=Joe|last=Schwarcz}}
8. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/2005/100movies/the_complete_list.html|work=Time|title=All-Time 100 Movies|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=12 February 2005}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.german-way.com/cinema/bio-leni-riefenstahl_2.html|title=Leni Riefenstahl (1902-2003) • Part 2|publisher=The German Way & More"|accessdate=30 July 2012}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-13424048|title=London 2012: Torch relay heading for 1,000 places|publisher=BBC News|date=18 May 2011|accessdate=30 July 2012}}
11. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.germanroadraces.de/274-1-6031-siegfried-eifrig-last-berlin-torch-bearer.html|title=Siegfried Eifrig - Last Berlin Torch Bearer from 1936 Dies|publisher=German Road Races|accessdate=30 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104205331/http://www.germanroadraces.de/274-1-6031-siegfried-eifrig-last-berlin-torch-bearer.html|archive-date=2014-01-04|dead-url=yes|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|title=The XI Olympic Games Berlin, 1936 Official Report Volume I|url=http://library.la84.org/6oic/OfficialReports/1936/1936v1sum.pdf|publisher=library.la84.org|accessdate=29 October 2017}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.bmw-berlin-marathon.com/en/news-and-media/news/2005/09/18/fritz-schilgen-made-olympic-history-the-final-runner-of-the-olympic-torch-relay-in-berlin-1936.html|title=Fritz Schilgen made Olympic history – the final runner of the Olympic torch relay in Berlin 1936|publisher=BMW Berlin Marathon|date=18 September 2005|accessdate=30 July 2012}}
{{Olympic torch relays}}

3 : 1936 Summer Olympics|Olympic torch relays|1936 in Germany
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