“Nonviolent Communication”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

At its heart is a belief all human beings have capacity for compassion and empathy. We only resort to violence or behavior harmful to others when we do not recognize more effective strategies for meeting needs.^[3]

Habits of thinking and speaking leading to use of violence (social, psychological and physical) are learned through culture. NVC theory supposes all human behavior stems from attempts to meet universal human needs. The needs are never in conflict. Rather, conflict arises when strategies for meeting needs clash. NVC proposes people identify shared needs, revealed by the thoughts and feelings surrounding these needs, and collaborate to develop strategies and make requests of each other to meet each other's needs.

NVC supports change on three interconnected levels: within self, between others, and within groups and social systems. NVC greatest impact has been in personal development, relationships, and social change.

NVC is ostensibly taught as a process of interpersonal communication designed to improve compassionate connection to others. However, due to its far-reaching impact, has many beneficial "side effects" as a spiritual practice, as a set of values, as parenting Best Practices, as a tool for social change, as a mediation tool, as an educational orientation, and as a worldview.

Applications

in education,^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13] in mediation,^[14] in psychotherapy,^[15] in healthcare,^[16] in addressing eating issues,^[17] in justice,^[18]^[19]^[20]

Rosenberg related ways he used Nonviolent Communication in peace programs in conflict zones including Rwanda, Burundi, Nigeria, Malaysia, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Colombia, Serbia, Croatia, Ireland, and the Middle East including the disputed West Bank.^[22]

History and development

According to a biography of Rosenberg on the Center for Nonviolent Communication (CNVC) website, Nonviolent Communication training evolved from his search for a way to rapidly disseminate peacemaking skills. CNVC says that NVC emerged from work he was doing with civil rights activists in the early 1960s, and that during this period he also mediated between rioting students and college administrators, and worked to peacefully desegregate public schools in long-segregated regions.^[23]

A master's thesis by Marion Little (2008) says that the roots of the NVC model developed in the late 1960s, when Rosenberg was working on racial integration in schools and organizations in the Southern United States.^[24] The earliest version of the model (observations, feelings, and action-oriented wants) was part of a training manual Rosenberg prepared in 1972. The model had evolved to its present form (observations, feelings, needs and requests) by 1992. The dialog between Rosenberg and NVC colleagues and trainers continued to influence the model, which by the late 2000s put more emphasis on self-empathy as a key to the model's effectiveness. Another shift in emphasis, since 2000, has been the reference to the model as a process. The focus is thus less on the "steps" themselves and more on the practitioner's intentions in speaking ("Is the intent to get others to do what one wants, or to foster more meaningful relationships and mutual satisfaction?") in listening ("Is the intent to prepare for what one has to say, or to extend heartfelt, respectful attentiveness to another?") and the quality of connection experienced with others.^[24]

Also according to Little's thesis, Rosenberg's work with Carl Rogers on research to investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions of a therapeutic relationship was central to the development of NVC. Rogers emphasized: 1) experiential learning, 2) "frankness about one's emotional state," 3) the satisfaction of hearing others "in a way that resonates for them," 4) the enriching and encouraging experience of "creative, active, sensitive, accurate, empathic listening," 5) the "deep value of congruence between one's own inner experience, one's conscious awareness, and one's communication," and, subsequently, 6) the enlivening experience of unconditionally receiving love or appreciation and extending the same.^[24]

Little says Rosenberg was influenced by Erich Fromm, George Albee, and George Miller to adopt a community focus in his work, moving away from clinical psychological practice. The central ideas influencing this shift by Rosenberg were that: (1) individual mental health depends on the social structure of a community (Fromm), (2) therapists alone are unable to meet the psychological needs of a community (Albee), and (3) knowledge about human behavior will increase if psychology is freely given to the community (Miller).^[24]

According to Little, Rosenberg's early work with children with learning disabilities shows his interest in psycholinguistics and the power of language, as well as his emphasis on collaboration. In its initial development, the NVC model re-structured the pupil-teacher relationship to give students greater responsibility for, and decision-making related to, their own learning. The model has evolved over the years to incorporate institutional power relationships (i.e., police-citizen, boss-employee) and informal ones (i.e. man-woman, rich-poor, adult-youth, parent-child). The ultimate aim is to develop societal relationships based on a restorative, "partnership" paradigm and mutual respect, rather than a retributive, fear-based, "domination" paradigm.^[24]

Little also says Rosenberg identified Mahatma Gandhi as an inspiration for the NVC model, and that Rosenberg's goal was to develop a practical process for interaction rooted in the philosophy of Ahimsa, which Little translates as "the overflowing love that arises when all ill-will, anger, and hate have subsided from the heart."^[24]

In order to show the differences between communication styles, Rosenberg started to use two animals. Violent communication was represented by the carnivorous Jackal as a symbol of aggression and especially dominance. The herbivorous Giraffe on the other hand, represented his NVC strategy. The Giraffe was chosen as symbol for NVC as its long neck is supposed to show the clear-sighted speaker, being aware of his fellow speakers' reactions; and because the Giraffe has a large heart, representing the compassionate side of NVC. In his courses he tended to use these animals in order to make the differences in communication clearer to the audience.

Overview

Nonviolent Communication holds that most conflicts between individuals or groups arise from miscommunication about their human needs, due to coercive or manipulative language that aims to induce fear, guilt, shame, etc. These "violent" modes of communication, when used during a conflict, divert the attention of the participants away from clarifying their needs, their feelings, their perceptions, and their requests, thus perpetuating the conflict.

Marshall Rosenberg, the founder of Nonviolent Communication, published numerous training materials to help in efforts to bring about radical social change.^[25] He was concerned with transforming the "gangs and domination structures" through the method he called "ask, ask, ask". He suggested social change activists could focus on gaining access to those in power in order to "ask, ask, ask" for changes that will make life better for all including the powerful.^[26] He wrote about the need for the protective use of force, distinguishing it from the punitive use of force.^[27]

Assumptions

Intentions

The trainers also say that practicing NVC involves having the following intentions:^[3]

Communication that blocks compassion

Rosenberg says that certain ways of communicating tend to alienate people from the experience of compassion:^[28]{{rp|ch.2}}

Four components

Modes

Research

As of 2008, NVC was said to lack significant "longitudinal analytical research," and few studies had evaluated the effectiveness of NVC training programs.^[4]^[24] There had been little discussion of NVC in academic contexts, and most evidence for the effectiveness of NVC was said to be anecdotal or based on theoretical support. Since that time, the number of publications reporting research on NVC has more than doubled.^[31]

Carme Juncadella produced a systematic review of research as of 2013 related to the impact of NVC on the development of empathy.^[32] She found 13 studies which met her inclusion criteria (three were published in peer reviewed journals; ten were unpublished theses or researcher reports). Eleven of these suggested an increase in empathy subsequent to the application of NVC (five of these with evidence of statistical significance) and two did not. Juncadella notes several shortcomings of her review. None of the studies she included were randomized and only three used validated instruments. As a result she used a narrative synthesis review format, which, "lacks precision," but allows the summarization of studies of different types, sizes, outcome measures and aims. She suggests the primary limitation of her review is that a number of relevant studies exist that could not be included due to lack of availability. She suggests these might have significantly altered her results. Finally, she includes the following caveat: "I must mention the inevitable subjectivity bias present throughout the whole review. In spite of the efforts made towards 'disciplined subjectivity'... my decisions show a degree of uncertainty and inaccuracy born via the tension between the weak evidence of the studies and my own convictions about the NVC model." Her overall assessment of the current research on NVC's efficacy in promoting the development of empathy is that the results are promising, but "would need to be confirmed with further studies bearing stronger designs and more appropriate measures." She notes that a major shortcoming of the existing research is the "mismatch between the constructs of the model and the validated empathy measures" and suggests that improved instruments need to be developed to adequately test NVC.

As of 2017, fifteen master's theses and doctoral dissertations are known to have tested the model on sample sizes of 108 or smaller and generally have found the model to be effective.^[33]^[24]^[31]^[34]

Allan Rohlfs, who first met Rosenberg in 1972 and was a founder of the Center for Nonviolent Communication, in 2011 explained a paucity of academic literature as follows:

Richard Bowers' master's thesis (2012),^[36] updated to book form by Bowers and Moffett (2012),^[37] asserts that NVC has been absent from academic programs due to a lack of research into the theoretical basis for the model and lack of research on the reliability of positive results. Bowers' thesis meets the first objection through an analysis of existing theories which provide solid support for each element of the NVC (mediation) model. Without this theoretical understanding, it would not be clear what aspects of the NVC model make it work or even if it can be effectively applied by anyone other than Marshall Rosenberg. This theoretical analysis can provide a foundation for further empirical research on the effectiveness and reliability of the model.

Connor and Wentworth^[38] examined the impact of 6-months of NVC training and coaching on 23 executives in a Fortune 100 corporation. A variety of benefits were reported, including "conversations and meetings were notably more efficient, with issues being resolved in 50-80 percent less time."

NVC has reportedly been an element of a bundle of interventions that produced dramatic changes in forensic psychiatric nursing settings in which a high level of violence is the norm. NVC was adopted, in combination with other interventions, in an effort to reduce violence. The interventions were said to reduce key violence indicators by 90 percent over a three-year period in a medium security unit,^[39] and by around 50 percent in a single year in a maximum security unit.^[40]

A 2014 study examined the effects of combined NVC and mindfulness training on 885 male inmates of the Monroe Correctional Complex in Monroe, Washington. The training was found to reduce recidivism from 37% to 21%, and the training was estimated as having saved the state $5 million per year in reduced incarceration costs. The training was found to increase equanimity, decrease anger, and lead to abilities to take responsibility for one's feelings, express empathy, and to make requests without imposing demands.^[41]

NVC has also been reported as effective in reducing domestic violence. Male participants who graduated from an NVC-based batterer intervention program in California had zero percent recidivism within 5 years, according to the relevant District Attorneys' offices. The news report contrasted this with a recidivism rate of 40 percent within 5 years as reported by the Domestic Abuse Intervention Project for graduates of their batterer intervention program based on the Duluth Model, said to previously offer the lowest known domestic violence recidivism rate.^[42]

Bowers and Moffett^[37] provide a thoughtful study of the important role of empathy and human needs in mediation through the development of a theoretical model to explain the effectiveness of NVC mediation. The authors present theories of human needs and the basis for a common core of needs. They discuss theories that explain the importance of understanding human needs in the context of conflict resolution. They clearly distinguish core human needs from interests (strategies) and how focusing on needs is a paradigm shift in the field of conflict resolution. Further, Bowers and Moffett present theories of empathy

from the pioneering work of Carl Rogers, Heinz Kohut, and others. Empathy is distinguished from sympathy and active listening, pointing out how the word empathy is often confused in the literature by using it interchangeably with these other two terms. They also examine stage theories of the development of empathy as well as constructive-developmental theories related to empathy.

Some recent research appears to validate the existence of universal human needs.^[43]^[44]

Relationship to spirituality

As Theresa Latini notes, "Rosenberg understands NVC to be a fundamentally spiritual practice."^[45] Marshall Rosenberg describes the influence of his spiritual life on the development and practice of NVC:

Rosenberg further states that he developed NVC as a way to "get conscious of" what he calls the "Beloved Divine Energy".^[46]

Some Christians have found NVC to be complementary to their Christian faith.^[45]^[47]^[48]^[49]^[50]

Many people have found Nonviolent Communication to be very complementary to Buddhism, both in theory and in manifesting Buddhist ideals in practice.^[51]^[52]^[53]

Relationship to other models

Marion Little examines theoretical frameworks related to NVC. The influential interest-based model for conflict resolution, negotiation, and mediation developed by Fisher, Ury, and Patton at the Harvard Negotiation Project and at the Program on Negotiation in the 1980s appears to have some conceptual overlap with NVC, although neither model references the other.^[24]{{rp|31–35}} Little suggests The Gordon Model for Effective Relationships (1970) as a likely precursor to both NVC and interest-based negotiation, based on conceptual similarities, if not any direct evidence of a connection.^[24]{{rp|35–41}} Like Rosenberg, Gordon had worked with Carl Rogers, so the models' similarities may reflect common influences.^[24]{{rp|35}}

Suzanne Jones sees a substantive difference between active listening as originated by Gordon and empathic listening as recommended by Rosenberg, insofar as active listening involves a specific step of reflecting what a speaker said to let them know you are listening, whereas empathic listening involves an ongoing process of listening with both heart and mind and being fully present to the other's experience, with an aim of comprehending and empathizing with the needs of the other, the meaning of the experience for that person.^[54]

Gert Danielsen and Havva Kök both note an overlap between the premises of NVC and those of Human Needs Theory (HNT), an academic model for understanding the sources of conflict and designing conflict resolution processes, with the idea that "Violence occurs when certain individuals or groups do not see any other way to meet their need, or when they need understanding, respect and consideration for their needs."^[55]^[56]^[57]

Chapman Flack sees an overlap between what Rosenberg advocates and critical thinking, especially Bertrand Russell's formulation uniting kindness and clear thinking.^[82]

Martha Lasley sees similarities with the Focused Conversation Method developed by the Institute of Cultural Affairs (ICA), with NVC's observations, feelings, needs, and requests components relating to FCM's objective, reflective, interpretive, and decisional stages.^[58]^[59]

Responses

As of 2008, some researchers noted that NVC lacked an evidence base beyond the copious anecdotal claims of effectiveness and similarly lacked discussion in the literature of the theoretical basis of the model.^[2]^[4]^[24]

Several researchers have attempted a thorough evaluation of criticisms and weaknesses of NVC and assessed significant challenges in its application.^[32]^[60]^[61]^[62] These span a range of potential problems, from the practical to the theoretical, and include concerns gathered from study participants and researchers.

The difficulty of using NVC as well as the dangers of misuse are common concerns. In addition, Bitschnau^[61] and Flack^[82] find a paradoxical potential for violence in the use of NVC, occasioned by its unskilled use. Bitschnau further suggests that the use of NVC is unlikely to allow everyone to express their feelings and have their needs met in real life as this would require inordinate time, patience and discipline. Those who are skilled in the use of NVC may become prejudiced against those who are not and prefer to converse only among themselves.

Oboth suggests that people might hide their feelings in the process of empathy, subverting the nonviolence of communication.^[62]

The massive investment of time and effort in learning to use NVC has been noted by a number of researchers.^[32]

Chapman Flack, in reviewing a training video by Rosenberg, finds the presentation of key ideas "spell-binding" and the anecdotes "humbling and inspiring", notes the "beauty of his work", and his "adroitly doing fine attentive thinking" when interacting with his audience. Yet Flack wonders what to make of aspects of Rosenberg's presentation, such as his apparent "dim view of the place for thinking" and his building on Walter Wink's account of the origins of our way of thinking. To Flack, some elements of what Rosenberg says seem like pat answers at odds with the challenging and complex picture of human nature history, literature and art offer.^[63]

Flack notes a distinction between the "strong sense" of Nonviolent Communication as a virtue that is possible with care and attention, and the "weak sense," a mimicry of this born of ego and haste. The strong sense offers a language to examine one's thinking and actions, support understanding, bring one's best to the community, and honor one's emotions. In the weak sense, one may take the language as rules and use these to score debating points, label others for political gain, or insist that others express themselves in this way. Though concerned that some of what Rosenberg says could lead to the weak sense, Flack sees evidence confirming that Rosenberg understands the strong sense in practice. Rosenberg's work with workshop attendees demonstrates "the real thing." Yet Flack warns that "the temptation of the weak sense will not be absent." As an antidote, Flack advises, "Be conservative in what you do, be liberal in what you accept from others," (also known as the robustness principle) and guard against the "metamorphosis of nonviolent communication into subtle violence done in its name."^[63]

Ellen Gorsevski, assessing Rosenberg's book, Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Compassion (1999) in the context of geopolitical rhetoric, states that "the relative strength of the individual is vastly overestimated while the key issue of structural violence is almost completely ignored."^[64]

PuddleDancer Press reports that NVC has been endorsed by a variety of public figures.^[65]

Reportedly, one of the first acts of Satya Nadella when he became CEO of Microsoft in 2014 was to ask top company executives to read Rosenberg's book, Nonviolent Communication.^[67]

Organizations

The Center for Nonviolent Communication (CNVC), founded by Marshall Rosenberg, has trademarked the terms NVC, Nonviolent Communication and Compassionate Communication, among other terms, for clarity and branding purposes.^[68]

CNVC certifies trainers who wish to teach NVC in a manner aligned with CNVC's understanding of the NVC process.^[69] CNVC also offers trainings by certified trainers.^[70]

Some trainings in Nonviolent Communication are offered by trainers sponsored by organizations considered as allied with, but having no formal relationship with, the Center for Nonviolent Communication founded by Marshall Rosenberg.^[71]^[72] Some of these trainings are announced through CNVC.^[73] Numerous NVC organizations have sprung up around the world, many with regional focuses.^[74]^[75]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite web|title=The Center for Collaborative Communication|url=http://www.collaborative-communication.org/|accessdate=Nov 11, 2011}}
2. ^¹{{cite book | last1=Gates | first1=Bob | last2=Gear | first2=Jane | last3=Wray |first3=Jane | title = Behavioural Distress: Concepts & Strategies | publisher = Bailliere Tindall |year=2000 }}
3. ^¹²Inbal Kashtan, Miki Kashtan, Key Assumptions and Intentions of NVC, BayNVC.org
4. ^¹²{{Cite journal |url=http://www.gtcs.org.uk/nmsruntime/saveasdialog.aspx?lID=230&sID=6450 |title=The development of "Nonviolent Communication" in an early years setting to support conflict resolution and develop an emotional intelligence related to both self and others. |last=Fullerton |first=Elaine |journal=Behaviour4Learning |publisher=GTC Scotland |date=February 2009 |accessdate=Sep 22, 2011}}
5. ^{{cite book |title= The Empathy Factor: Your Competitive Advantage for Personal, Team, and Business Success|last=Miyashiro |first=Marie R.|year=2011 |publisher=Puddledancer Press|isbn=1-892005-25-5|pages=256}}
6. ^{{cite book |title=Words That Work In Business: A Practical Guide to Effective Communication in the Workplace|last=Lasater |first=Ike |author2=Julie Stiles |year=2010 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-01-8|pages=160}}
7. ^{{cite book |title=Respectful Parents, Respectful Kids: 7 Keys to Turn Family Conflict into Cooperation|last=Hart |first=Sura |author2=Victoria Kindle Hodson |year=2006 |publisher=Puddledancer Press|isbn=1-892005-22-0|pages=208}}
8. ^{{cite book |title=Parenting From Your Heart: Sharing the Gifts of Compassion, Connection, and Choice|last=Kashtan |first=Inbal |year=2004|publisher=Puddledancer Press|isbn=1-892005-08-5|pages=48}}
9. ^{{cite book |title=Raising Children Compassionately: Parenting the Nonviolent Communication Way|last=Rosenberg |first=Marshall B.|year=2004 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-09-3|pages=48}}
10. ^{{cite book |title=The No-Fault Classroom: Tools to Resolve Conflict & Foster Relationship Intelligence|last=Hart |first=Sura |author2=Victoria Kindle Hodson |year=2008 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-18-2|pages=240 }}
11. ^{{cite book |title=Peaceable Revolution Through Education|last=Cadden |first=Catherine Ann|year=2009 |publisher=Baba Tree |isbn=0-9825578-0-9|pages=160 }}
12. ^{{cite book |title=The Compassionate Classroom: Relationship Based Teaching and Learning|last=Hart |first=Sura |author2=Victoria Kindle Hodson |year=2004 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-06-9|pages=208 }}
13. ^{{cite book |title=Life-Enriching Education: Nonviolent Communication Helps Schools Improve Performance, Reduce Conflict, and Enhance Relationships|last=Rosenberg |first=Marshall B. |author2=Riane Eisler |year=2003 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-05-0|pages=192 }}
14. ^{{cite book |title=A Helping Hand, Mediation with Nonviolent Communication|last=Larsson |first=Liv|year=2011 |publisher=Friare Liv Konsult |isbn=91-976672-7-7|pages=258 }}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Open Hearted Therapy: A Year-long Program for Therapists|url=http://nvctraining.com/courses/telecourses/MK/open-hearted-therapy-2010/open-hearted-therapy.html|publisher=NVC Academy|accessdate=Nov 30, 2011}}
16. ^{{cite book |title=Humanizing Health Care: Creating Cultures of Compassion With Nonviolent Communication|last=Sears |first=Melanie|year=2010 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-26-3|pages=112 }}
17. ^{{cite book |title=Eat by Choice, Not by Habit: Practical Skills for Creating a Healthy Relationship with Your Body and Food|last=Haskvitz |first=Sylvia|year=2005 |publisher=Puddledancer Press |isbn=1-892005-20-4|pages=128 }}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://freedom-project.org/|title=Freedom Project Seattle|publisher=|accessdate=23 April 2016}}
19. ^Oregon Prison Project Teaches Empathy, A Key in Lowering Recidivism
20. ^BayNVC Restorative Justice Project
21. ^{{cite book |title=Giraffe Juice: The Magic of Making Life Wonderful|last=Allen |first=J.P.|author2=Marci Winters |year=2011 |publisher=www.GiraffeJuice.com |isbn=0-615-26393-3|pages=142|url=http://giraffejuice.com/forcedownload.php?file=giraffe-juice| accessdate=Sep 22, 2011 }}
22. ^{{cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Marshall|title=Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Compassion|year=2001|publisher=Puddledancer Press|location=Encinitas, CA| page=212}}
23. ^Our founder's bio, cnvc.org
24. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹¹⁰¹¹Little, Marion (2008) Total Honesty/Total Heart: Fostering empathy development and conflict resolution skills. A violence prevention strategy. MA Thesis, Dispute Resolution, Victoria, B.C., Canada: University of Victoria, 286.
25. ^{{cite book|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Marshall|title=The Nonviolent Communication Training Course|date=2006|publisher=Sounds True, Inc.|location=Boulder, Colorado|isbn=1-59179-443-9|pages=Disc Eight, "How Nonviolent Communication Supports Social Change"}}
26. ^{{cite book|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Marshall|title=The Heart of Social Change: How You Can Make a Difference in Your World|date=2005|publisher=PuddleDancer Press|location=Encinitas, California|isbn=978-1-892005-46-5|pages=10–12}}
27. ^{{cite book|last1=Rosenberg|first1=Marshall|title=Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Compassion|date=August 2002|publisher=PuddleDancer Press|location=Encinitas, California|isbn=1-892005-02-6|pages=155–163|edition=8th Printing}}
28. ^¹²³⁴{{cite book | last=Rosenberg | first=Marshall | authorlink = Marshall Rosenberg | title = Nonviolent Communication: A Language of Life | publisher = Puddledancer Press |year=2003 | isbn = 1-892005-03-4 }}
29. ^¹²{{cite book|last=Rosenberg|first=Marshall B.|title=Speak Peace in a World of Conflict: What You Say Next Will Change Your World|year=2005|publisher=Puddledancer Press|isbn=978-1-892005-17-5|pages=240}}
30. ^{{cite web |title=Roles of the Four Components of NVC |last=Wentworth |first=Bob|work=capitalnvc.net |url=http://capitalnvc.net/bobrolesofcomponents}}
31. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.cnvc.org/about-us/projects/nvc-research/nvc-research|title=NVC Research|publisher=Center for Nonviolent Communication|accessdate=21 September 2017}}
32. ^¹²{{cite journal|last=Juncadella|first=Carme Mampel|title=What is the impact of the application of the Nonviolent Communication model on the development of empathy? Overvie|journal=MSc in Psychotherapy Studies|date=October 2013|url=http://www.cnvc.org/sites/default/files/NVC_Research_Files/Carme_Mampel_Juncadella.pdf|accessdate=16 May 2014}}
33. ^¹Jane Branscomb (2011), Summation Evaluation of a Workshop in Collaborative Communication, M.A. Thesis, Rollins School of Public Health of Emory University.
34. ^Nash, A.L. (2007) Case Study of Tekoa Institute: Illustration of Nonviolent Communication Training's Effect on Conflict Resolution. MS Sociology. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia: pp.40
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://nwcompass.org/about-nvc/note-origins-nvc/|title=Note on the Origins of NVC|publisher=Northwest Compassionate Communication|accessdate=22 Sep 2017}}
36. ^Bowers, Richard D. (2012). Toward an Integrated Model: Using Nonviolent Communication in Mediation. MA Thesis, Conflict Analysis and Engagement, Yellow Springs, OH: Antioch University Midwest.
37. ^¹{{Cite book|title = Empathy in Conflict Intervention: The Key to Successful NVC Mediation|last = Bowers|first = Richard|publisher = Harmony World Publishing|year = 2012|isbn = 978-1-4776-1460-0|location = |pages = |last2 = Moffett|first2 = Nelle}}
38. ^{{cite conference|last1=Connor|first1=J. M.|last2=Wentworth|first2=R.|title=Training in Collaborative Communication in an Organizational Context: Assessment of Impact|conference=Psychologists for Social Responsibility 30th Anniversary Conference|location=Washington DC|date=12–14 July 2012|url=http://www.cnvc.org/about-us/projects/nvc-research|accessdate=21 Sep 2017}}
39. ^{{cite journal |last1=Riemer |first1=D. |last2=Corwith |first2=C. |year=2007 |title= Application of core strategies: reducing seclusion & restraint use|journal=On the Edge |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=7–10 |url=http://www.cnvc.org/sites/default/files/research/OTEFall2007.pdf |accessdate=Mar 19, 2015 }}
40. ^{{cite journal |last1=Riemer |first1=D. |year=2009 |title=Creating Sanctuary: Reducing Violence in a Maximum Security Forensic Psychiatric Hospital Unit |journal=On the Edge |volume=15 |issue=1 |url=http://www.iafn.org/displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=302 |accessdate=Sep 20, 2011 }}
41. ^{{cite journal|last=Suarez|first=Alejandra|author2=Dug Y. Lee |author3=Christopher Rowe |author4=Alex Anthony Gomez |author5=Elise Murowchick |author6=Patricia L. Linn |title=Freedom Project: Nonviolent Communication and Mindfulness Training in Prison|journal=SAGE Open|date=11 February 2014|issue=2014 4|pages=10|doi=10.1177/2158244013516154|url=http://sgo.sagepub.com/content/4/1/2158244013516154|accessdate=24 April 2014}}
42. ^{{cite news|title=Batterers' intervention recidivism rates lowest known to date|url=http://www.mtdemocrat.com/news/batterers-intervention-recidivism-rates-lowest-known-to-date/|accessdate=1 May 2014|newspaper=Mountain Democrat (Placerville, CA)|date=30 April 2014}}
43. ^The Atlantic, [https://www.theatlantic.com/life/archive/2011/08/maslow-20-a-new-and-improved-recipe-for-happiness/243486/ Maslow 2.0: A New and Improved Recipe for Happiness]
44. ^{{cite journal |last1=Tay |first1=Louis|last2=Diener|first2=Ed |year=2011 |title=Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World |journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology |volume=101 |issue=2|pages=354–365 |url=http://www.apa.org/pubs/journals/releases/psp-101-2-354.pdf |accessdate=Sep 20, 2011 |doi=10.1037/a0023779}}
45. ^¹{{Cite journal |url= http://www.luthersem.edu/leadingfromtheheart/NVC_as_Humanizing_Practice.pdf |title=Nonviolent Communication: A Humanizing Ecclesial and Educational Practice. |last=Latini |first=Theresa |journal=Journal of Education & Christian Belief JE&CB 13:1 (2009) 19–31 |publisher=Kuyer's Institute for Christian Teaching and Learning |year=2009 |accessdate=January 19, 2011}}
46. ^¹{{cite web|title=Spiritual Basis of Nonviolent Communication: A Question and Answer Session with Marshall B. Rosenberg, Ph.D|url=http://www.cnvc.org/learn-online/spiritual-basis/spiritual-basis-nonviolent-communication|publisher=Center for Nonviolent Communication|accessdate=Dec 1, 2011}}
47. ^{{cite book|title=The Joy of Compassionate Connecting: The Way of Christ through Nonviolent Communication|last=Prieto |first=Jaime L. Jr.|year=2010 |publisher=CreateSpace |isbn=1-4515-1425-5 |pages=298 }}
48. ^{{cite journal|last=Rohlfs|first=Allan|title=Beyond anger and blame: How to achieve constructive conflict|journal=The Christian Century|date=Nov 14, 2012|volume=129|issue=23|url=http://www.christiancentury.org/article/2012-10/beyond-anger-and-blame|accessdate=16 May 2014}}
49. ^{{cite journal|last=van Deusen Hunsinger|first=Deborah|title=Practicing Koinonia|journal=Theology Today|date=October 2009|volume=66|issue=3|pages=346–367|url=http://www.luthersem.edu/leadingfromtheheart/Practicing_Koinonia.pdf|accessdate=16 October 2011|doi=10.1177/004057360906600306}}
50. ^{{cite journal|last=Latini|first=Theresa F.|title=Nonviolent Communication and the Image of God|journal=Perspectives: A Journal of Reformed Thought|date=May 2007|url=http://www.rca.org/page.aspx?pid=2889|accessdate=Nov 8, 2011}}
51. ^"NVC in the FWBO: Heart-to-Heart Communication", Shantigarbha, FWBO & TBMSG News, May 8, 2008
52. ^"Buddhism and Nonviolent Communication", Jason Little, Shambhala Times, January 31, 2009
53. ^{{cite book| title=What We Say Matters: Practicing Nonviolent Communication |last1=Lasater|last2=Lasater|first1=Judith Hanson|first2=Ike K.|publisher=Rodmell Press|year=2009|pages=192|isbn=978-1-930485-24-2}}
54. ^Jones, Suzanne (2009) Traditional Education or Partnership Education: Which Educational Approach Might Best Prepare Students for the Future? MA Thesis, Communication, San Diego, California. USA. San Diego University: 203.
55. ^{{cite web|last=Danielsen|first=Gert|title=Meeting Human Needs, Preventing Violence: Applying Human Needs Theory to the Conflict in Sri Lanka|url=http://www.cnvc.org/sites/cnvc.org/files/NVC_Research_Files/NVC%20and%20Violence%20Prevention/Danielsen2005.pdf|accessdate=12 March 2013}}
56. ^Havva Kök, "Nonviolent Communication in Political Conflicts", USAK Yearbook of International Politics and Law, Volume 2, (2009). pp. 349–362
57. ^Burton, John 1990b. Conflict: Basic Human Needs. New York: St. Martins Press.
58. ^Lasley, Martha (2005) Difficult Conversations: Authentic Communication Leads to Greater Understanding and Teamwork. Group Facilitation: A Research and Applications Journal, Number 7
59. ^{{cite book|editor=Stanfield, R. Brian|title=The Art of Focused Conversation: 100 Ways to Access Group Wisdom in the Workplace (ICA series)|year=2000|publisher=New Society Publishers|isbn=978-0-86571-416-8|pages=240|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OFUh33W8hJoC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=Focused+Conversation+Method&source=bl&ots=Pet_w6JxTo&sig=3EZWBPRxml3Nxk2WmGdq8PR0jXg&hl=en&ei=5LPVTsLVNqfx0gHezq2dAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CEcQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=Focused%20Conversation%20Method&f=false}}
60. ^{{cite thesis|last=Altmann|first=Tobias |title=Evaluation der Gewaltfreien Kommunikation in Quer- und Längsschnittdaten |type=Unpublished dissertation |publisher=University of Leipzig, Institut für Psychologie II |date=2010|url=http://www.gewaltfrei-dach.eu/sites/default/files/medium-wissenschaftliche-arbeit-altmann-tobias-diplomarbeit.pdf|accessdate=16 May 2014}}
61. ^¹{{cite book|last=Bitschnau|first=Karoline|title=Die Sprache der Giraffen. Wie die Gewaltfreie Kommunikation Ihr Leben verändern kann |date=2008|publisher=Paderborn (Junfermann)}}
62. ^¹{{cite journal|last=Oboth|first=Monika|title=Inspiration und Herausforderung.|journal=Spektrum der Mediation.|date=2007|volume=28|pages=9–11}}
63. ^¹²³{{Cite journal |url=http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+subtle+violence+of+nonviolent+language.-a0152267677 |title=The subtle violence of nonviolent language. |last=Flack|first=Chapman |journal=CrossCurrents |volume=56|number=3|issn=0011-1953|date=September 2006|accessdate=January 19, 2011}}
64. ^{{cite book | last1=Gorsevski | first1=Ellen | title = Peaceful Persuasion: The Geopolitics of Nonviolent Rhetoric | pages=166, 227–228 |publisher = State University of New York Press |year=2004 }}
65. ^{{cite web|title=Endorsements of Nonviolent Communication|url=http://www.nonviolentcommunication.com/pressroom/endorsements.htm|publisher=PuddleDancer Press|accessdate=Nov 30, 2011}}
66. ^{{cite web|last=Hartenstein|first=Sven|title=ANVC (Almost Nonviolent Communication)|url=http://anvc.svenhartenstein.de/en/about/|accessdate=21 April 2013}}
67. ^{{cite web|last1=MacCracken|first1=Harry|title=Satya Nadella Rewrites Microsoft’s Code|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40457458/satya-nadella-rewrites-microsofts-code|website=Fast Company|accessdate=25 Sep 2017|date=18 Sep 2017}}
68. ^Guidelines for sharing NVC, cnvc.org
69. ^Certification, cnvc.org
70. ^Nonviolent Communication International Intensive Training, cnvc.org
71. ^{{cite web |title=Organizations |url=http://www.nvcworld.com/organisations |publisher=NVC World |website=nvcworld.com |accessdate=October 6, 2016}}
72. ^Organization of the NVC Movement, capitalnvc.net
73. ^Training Schedule, cnvc.org
74. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nvcworld.com/organisations |title=International Organisations |first= |last= |work=nvcworld.com |year=2011 |accessdate=October 19, 2011}}
75. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cnvc.org/organizations |title=Find nvc organizations |work=cnvc.org|year=2011 |accessdate=October 19, 2011}}