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词条 Non-volatile memory
释义

  1. Overview

  2. Electrically addressed

      Read-mostly devices    Flash memory    Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM)    Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)  

  3. Mechanically addressed systems

  4. Organic

  5. Non-volatile main memory

  6. Specifications

  7. References

  8. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2012}}{{Memory types}}Non-volatile memory (NVM) or non-volatile storage is a type of computer memory that can retrieve stored information even after having been power cycled. In contrast, volatile memory needs constant power in order to retain data. Examples of non-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory, ferroelectric RAM, most types of magnetic computer storage devices (e.g. hard disk drives, solid state drives, floppy disks, and magnetic tape), optical discs, and early computer storage methods such as paper tape and punched cards.[1]

Non-volatile memory can be classified as traditional non-volatile disk storage, or storage in non-volatile memory chips (Flash memory Storage) – EEPROM, SSD, NAND, etc.

Overview

Non-volatile memory is typically used for the task of secondary storage, or long-term persistent storage.[2] The most widely used form of primary storage today is a volatile form of random access memory (RAM), meaning that when the computer is shut down, anything contained in RAM is lost. However, most forms of non-volatile memory have limitations that make them unsuitable for use as primary storage. Typically, non-volatile memory costs more, provides lower performance, or has a limited lifetime compared to volatile random access memory.

Non-volatile data storage can be categorized into electrically addressed systems (read-only memory) and mechanically addressed systems (hard disks, optical disc, magnetic tape, holographic memory, and such).[3][4] Generally speaking, electrically addressed systems are expensive, have limited capacity, but are fast, whereas mechanically addressed systems are more cost effective per bit, but are slower.

Electrically addressed

{{Main|Non-volatile random-access memory}}

Electrically addressed semiconductor non-volatile memories can be categorized according to their write mechanism. Mask ROMs are factory programmable only, and typically used for large-volume products which are not required to be updated after manufacture. Programmable read-only memory can be altered after manufacture, but require a special programmer and usually cannot be programmed while in the target system. The programming is permanent and further changes require replacement of the device. Data is stored by physically altering (burning) storage sites in the device.

Read-mostly devices

An EPROM is an erasable ROM that can be changed more than once. However, writing new data to an EPROM requires a special programmer circuit. EPROMs have a quartz window that allows them to be erased with ultraviolet light, but the whole device is cleared at one time. A one-time programmable (OTP) device may be implemented using an EPROM chip without the quartz window; this is less costly to manufacture. An electrically erasable programmable read-only memory EEPROM uses voltage to erase memory. These erasable memory devices require a significant amount of time to erase data and to write new data; they are not usually configured to be programmed by the processor of the target system. Data is stored by use of floating-gate transistors which require special operating voltages to trap or release electric charge on an insulated control gate to store information.

Flash memory

{{Main|Flash memory}}

The flash memory chip is a close relative to the EEPROM; it differs in that it can only erase one block or "page" at a time. It is a solid-state chip that maintains stored data without any external power source.[5] Capacity is substantially larger than that of an EEPROM, making these chips a popular choice for digital cameras and desktop PC BIOS chips.

Flash memory devices use two different logical technologies—NOR and NAND—to map data. NOR flash provides high-speed random access, reading and writing data in specific memory locations; it can retrieve as little as a single byte. NAND flash reads and writes sequentially at high speed, handling data in small blocks called pages, however it is slower on read when compared to NOR. NAND flash reads faster than it writes, quickly transferring whole pages of data. Less expensive than NOR flash at high densities, NAND technology offers higher capacity for the same-size silicon.[5]

Ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM)

{{Main|Ferroelectric RAM}}Ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM, F-RAM or FRAM) is a random-access memory similar in construction to DRAM but (instead of a dielectric layer like in DRAM) contains a thin ferroelectric film of lead zirconate titanate [Pb(Zr,Ti)O3], commonly referred to as PZT. The Zr/Ti atoms in the PZT change polarity in an electric field, thereby producing a binary switch. Unlike RAM devices, F-RAM retains its data memory when power is shut off or interrupted, due to the PZT crystal maintaining polarity. Due to this crystal structure and how it is influenced, F-RAM offers distinct properties from other nonvolatile memory options, including extremely high, although not infinite, endurance (exceeding 1016 read/write cycles for 3.3 V devices), ultra low power consumption (since F-RAM does not require a charge pump like other non-volatile memories), single-cycle write speeds, and gamma radiation tolerance.[6]

Magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM)

{{Main|Magnetoresistive random-access memory}}

Magnetoresistive RAM is one of the newest approaches to non-volatile memory and stores data in magnetic storage elements called magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). MRAM has an especially promising future as it seeks to encompass all the desirable features of the other popular types of memory (non-volatility, infinite endurance, high-speed reading/writing, low cost).[7]

The first generation of MRAM, such as Everspin Technologies' 4 Mbit, utilized field-induced writing. The second generation is developed mainly through two approaches: Thermal-assisted switching (TAS)[7] which is being developed by Crocus Technology, and Spin-transfer torque (STT) which Crocus, Hynix, IBM, and several other companies are developing.{{when|date=September 2017}}[8]

Mechanically addressed systems

{{See also|IBM Millipede|holographic memory}}

Mechanically addressed systems utilize a contact structure ("head") to read and write on a designated storage medium. Since circuitry layout is not a key factor for data density, the amount of storage is typically much larger than for electrically addressed systems.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

Since the access time depends on the physical location of the data on the device, mechanically addressed systems may not be "random access" as are electrically addressed semiconductor NVRAM. For example, magnetic tape stores data as a sequence of bits on a long tape; transporting the tape past the read/write head is required to access any part of the storage. Tape media can be removed from the drive and stored, giving indefinite capacity at the cost of the time required to retrieve a dismounted tape.[9][10]

Hard disk drives use a rotating magnetic disk to store data; access time is longer than for semiconductor memory, but cost per stored data bit is very low, and they provide random access to any location on the disk. Formerly, removable disk packs were common, allowing storage capacity to be expanded. Optical discs store data by altering a pigment layer on a plastic disk, and are similarly random access. Read-only and read-write versions are available; removable media again allows indefinite expansion, and some automated systems were used to retrieve and mount disks under direct program control.[11][12][13]

Organic

{{Main|Organic electronics|ferroelectric memory}}

There are polymer printed ferroelectric memory.

Thin Film Electronics ("Thinfilm") produces rewriteable non-volatile organic memory based on ferroelectric polymers. Thinfilm successfully demonstrated roll-to-roll printed memories in 2009.[14][15][16]

In Thinfilm's organic memory the ferroelectric polymer is sandwiched between two sets of electrodes in a passive matrix. Each crossing of metal lines is a ferroelectric capacitor and defines a memory cell. This gives a non-volatile memory comparable to ferroelectric RAM technologies and offer the same functionality as flash memory.

Non-volatile main memory

Non-volatile main memory (NVMM) is storage inside Non-Volatile Main Memory chips[17] (Re-RAM) – NVDIMM-P, specifications to be released 2018.[18][19][20]

Specifications

Specification (March 2007)[21] 2.5" HDD 1" microdrive Flash memory Optical disc Tape MRAM
Device model Hitachi Travelstar 5k160[22] Hitachi Microdrive 3k8[23] Hynix HY27UH08AG5M[24] Blu-ray HP Ultrium 960[25] Everspin (formerly of Freescale Semiconductor) MR2A16A[26]
Density (GBit/cm2) 20.3 18.4 6.7 3.8 0.047 0.0021
Capacity (GByte) 160 8 2 50 400 0.004
Price per bit (euro/GByte) 1.5 9.0 6.0 1.25 0.075 35000
Price per unit (euro) 110 87 14 635 2340 17.4
Price per medium (euro) (for removables) nd nd nd 40 30 nd
Data rate (Mbit/s) 540 80 23 144 640 436
Access time (ms) (average/typical) 11 12 0.025 180 72000 0.000035
Power consumption (W) (average) 1.8 0.6 0.1 25 20 0.08
Form factor (h × w × d) (cm) 0.95×7×10 0.5×3×4 0.1×1.2×2 4×15×19 2×10×10 0.1×1×1.8

References

1. ^{{cite book |last=Patterson |first=David |first2=John |last2=Hennessy |title=Computer Organization and Design: The Hardware/Software Interface |publisher=Elsevier|date=1971 |page=23 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=1lD9LZRcIZ8C&pg=PA23&lpg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=9780080502571 }}
2. ^{{citation |title=A Survey of Software Techniques for Using Non-Volatile Memories for Storage and Main Memory Systems |journal=IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems |volume=27 |issue=5 |pages=1537–1550 |date=2015|doi=10.1109/TPDS.2015.2442980 |last1=Mittal |first1=Sparsh |last2=Vetter |first2=Jeffrey S. }}
3. ^{{cite web|title=i-NVMM: Securing non-volatile memory on the fly|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/i-nvmm-securing-non-volatile-memory-on-the-fly/|work=Techrepublic|accessdate=21 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014656/http://www.techrepublic.com/blog/it-security/i-nvmm-securing-non-volatile-memory-on-the-fly/|archivedate=22 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Non-Volatile Memory (NVM)|url=https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2793/non-volatile-memory-nvm|publisher=Techopedia|accessdate=21 March 2017|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170322014507/https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2793/non-volatile-memory-nvm|archivedate=22 March 2017|df=dmy-all}}
5. ^1 By Russell Kay, ComputerWorld. "Flash memory {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100610065251/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/349425/Flash_Memory |date=10 June 2010 }}." 7 June 2010.
6. ^{{citation |url=http://www.ramtron.com/about-us/what-is-f-ram.aspx |title=F-RAM Memory Technology |publisher=Ramtron.com |date= |accessdate=30 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127063617/http://ramtron.com/about-us/what-is-f-ram.aspx |archivedate=27 January 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
7. ^1 The Emergence of Practical MRAM {{cite web |url=http://www.crocus-technology.com/pdf/BH%20GSA%20Article.pdf |title=Crocus Technology | Magnetic Sensors | TMR Sensors |accessdate=2009-07-20 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110427022729/http://www.crocus-technology.com/pdf/BH%20GSA%20Article.pdf |archivedate=27 April 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
8. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119111746/http://www.eetimes.com/news/latest/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=218000269 |date=19 January 2012 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/tape-drive|title=What is tape drive? - Definition from WhatIs.com|work=SearchStorage|accessdate=7 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707175544/http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/definition/tape-drive|archivedate=7 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.snia.org/education/storage_networking_primer/stor_devices/tape_drives|title=Tape Drives|work=snia.org|accessdate=7 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707173123/http://www.snia.org/education/storage_networking_primer/stor_devices/tape_drives|archivedate=7 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddriv.htm|title=What is hard drive?|work=computerhope.com|accessdate=7 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150708081114/http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/h/harddriv.htm|archivedate=8 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/roger.broughton/museum/DASD/200426.htm|title=IBM 2314 Disk Drives|work=ncl.ac.uk|accessdate=7 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002200053/https://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/roger.broughton/museum/DASD/200426.htm|archivedate=2 October 2015|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kintronics.com/jukebox.html|title=Optical Blu-ray Jukeboxes and Libraries Systems for Archiving Storage - Kintronics|work=kintronics.com|accessdate=7 July 2015|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720184226/http://www.kintronics.com/jukebox.html|archivedate=20 July 2015|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^Thinfilm and InkTec awarded IDTechEx' Technical Development Manufacturing Award IDTechEx, 15 April 2009
15. ^PolyIC, ThinFilm announce pilot of volume printed plastic memories {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929080237/http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4084606/PolyIC-ThinFilm-announce-pilot-of-volume-printed-plastic-memories |date=29 September 2012 }} EETimes, 22 September 2009
16. ^All set for high-volume production of printed memories {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100413200959/http://www.printedelectronicsworld.com/articles/all_set_for_high_volume_production_of_printed_memories_00002179.asp |date=13 April 2010 }} Printed Electronics World, 12 April 2010
17. ^Security Vulnerabilities of Emerging Nonvolatile Main Memories and Countermeasures {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405171528/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6952995/?reload=true&arnumber=6952995 |date=5 April 2017 }} -IEEE
18. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.jedec.org/news/pressreleases/jedec-ddr5-nvdimm-p-standards-under-development|title=JEDEC DDR5 & NVDIMM-P Standards Under Development – JEDEC|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171202134656/https://www.jedec.org/news/pressreleases/jedec-ddr5-nvdimm-p-standards-under-development|archivedate=2 December 2017|df=dmy-all}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/04/02/ddr5_to_jump_off_the_drawing_board_in_2018/|title=DDR5 to jump off the drawing board in 2018|first1=2 Apr 2017 at|last1=23:58|first2=Simon Sharwood|last2=tweet_btn()|publisher=|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405170742/https://www.theregister.co.uk/2017/04/02/ddr5_to_jump_off_the_drawing_board_in_2018/|archivedate=5 April 2017|df=dmy-all}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/SSSI/NVDIMM%20-%20Changes%20are%20Here%20So%20What's%20Next%20-%20final.pdf|title=NVDIMM – Changes are Here, So What's Next? |publisher=SINA|author=|date=|website=snia.org|accessdate=24 April 2018}}
21. ^{{citation |url=http://www.bluwiki.com/go/Informationstoragecourse2007 |title=Informationstoragecourse2007 |publisher=BluWiki |date=13 July 2009 |accessdate=30 January 2012 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313064532/http://www.bluwiki.com/go/Informationstoragecourse2007 |archivedate=13 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
22. ^  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927221325/http://www.hitachigst.com/hdd/support/5k160/5k160.htm |date=27 September 2007 }}
23. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/7F878B7F4496E2B686257061007D3C30/$file/HGST_3K8_091506.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718182026/http://www.hitachigst.com/tech/techlib.nsf/techdocs/7F878B7F4496E2B686257061007D3C30/$file/HGST_3K8_091506.pdf |archivedate=18 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
24. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.hynix.com/datasheet/pdf/flash/HY27UH08AG(5_D)M%20(Rev0.6).pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-07-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824194806/http://www.hynix.com/datasheet/pdf/flash/HY27UH08AG(5_D)M%20(Rev0.6).pdf |archivedate=24 August 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/12128_div/12128_div.pdf|title=HP StorageWorks Ultrium Half-Height Tape Drives (QuickSpecs/c04284138.pdf)|work=hp.com|accessdate=7 July 2015|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915192318/http://h18000.www1.hp.com/products/quickspecs/12128_div/12128_div.pdf|archivedate=15 September 2012|df=dmy-all}}
26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/MR2A16A.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2008-02-18 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129015139/http://www.freescale.com/files/microcontrollers/doc/data_sheet/MR2A16A.pdf |archivedate=29 January 2007 |df=dmy-all }}

External links

  • [https://lwn.net/Articles/610174/ Supporting filesystems in persistent memory], LWN.net, 2 September 2014, by Jonathan Corbet
  • Research paper about perspective usage of magnetic photoconductors in magneto-optical data storage.
{{Primary storage technologies}}{{Operating system}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Non-Volatile Memory}}

2 : Computer memory|Non-volatile memory
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